Alzheimer's Disease
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Alzheimer's disease is a brain condition that slowly damages memory, thinking, and the ability to do everyday tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia (a general term for memory loss and other thinking problems that are severe enough to interfere with daily life).
Key facts
- Alzheimer's disease is progressive, meaning symptoms get worse over time.
- It is not a normal part of aging, but age is the biggest risk factor.
- There is currently no cure, but treatments and support can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Alzheimer's disease is very common, especially in people over 65. About 1 in 14 people over 65 and 1 in 6 people over 80 have dementia, and Alzheimer's is the most common type.
Alzheimer's mainly affects older adults, but it can also affect younger people (early-onset Alzheimer's). It affects both men and women, though women are slightly more likely to develop it.
Symptoms
- Sudden confusion or change in thinking (could be an infection or other medical problem)
- Fainting, seizure, or loss of consciousness
- Signs of a stroke: sudden weakness, trouble speaking, or drooping face
- Severe agitation or aggression that puts the person or others at risk
- ⚠New or worsening confusion that does not go away
- ⚠Unexplained falls or injuries
- ⚠Signs of infection, such as fever or cough
- ⚠Not eating or drinking for more than a day
Common symptoms
- Memory loss that disrupts daily life, especially forgetting recent events or conversations
- Difficulty planning or solving problems
- Confusion with time or place
- Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships
- New problems with words in speaking or writing
- Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
- Decreased or poor judgment
- Withdrawal from work or social activities
- Changes in mood or personality, such as confusion, suspicion, depression, or anxiety
Symptoms in older adults
- Memory loss that gets worse over time, especially forgetting recent events
- Difficulty with familiar tasks, like cooking or paying bills
- Getting lost in familiar places
- Trouble finding the right words
- Changes in sleep patterns, like waking up often at night
- Increased confusion in the evening (sundowning)
Causes
Main causes
- A build-up of abnormal proteins in the brain, called amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which damage and kill brain cells
- Genetics: certain genes, like the APOE ε4 gene, increase risk but don't guarantee the disease
- Age-related changes in the brain, including inflammation and reduced energy production
Risk factors
- Getting older (the main risk factor)
- Having a family history of Alzheimer's or other dementias
- Having certain genes, especially APOE ε4
- Head injuries in the past
- Conditions that affect heart and blood vessels, like high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and obesity
- Smoking, excessive alcohol use, and lack of physical activity
- Social isolation and lack of mental stimulation
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Seek same-day medical help if the person has a sudden change in thinking or behavior that comes on in hours or days (could be an infection or other illness)
- If the person is having trouble speaking, seeing, or moving (possible stroke)
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you or a family member notices memory or thinking problems that are getting worse
- If these problems are affecting daily life, even in small ways
- If you have concerns about your own memory or thinking abilities
Diagnosis
There is no single test for Alzheimer's disease. A doctor will take a detailed history, talk with you and a family member, and perform tests to rule out other causes of memory loss. The diagnosis is made based on the pattern of symptoms and the results of several assessments.
Tests that may be done
- Medical history and physical exam
- Memory and thinking tests (cognitive assessments)
- Blood and urine tests to check for other health conditions
- Brain imaging, such as MRI or CT scan, to look for changes in the brain
- Sometimes a PET scan or lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to detect amyloid or tau proteins
What to expect at your appointment
The diagnostic process can take several weeks or months. It often involves a specialist like a neurologist or a memory clinic. You will discuss your symptoms, have cognitive tests, and may need scans. The doctor will explain the results and what they mean.
Treatment
Treatment for Alzheimer's disease focuses on managing symptoms, supporting quality of life, and planning for the future. A team of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, occupational therapists, and social workers, can help. Medications can help with memory and thinking for some people, but they do not stop the disease from progressing.
Self-care at home
- Keep a routine for meals, sleep, and daily activities
- Stay physically active with activities like walking, dancing, or gardening (as able)
- Do mentally stimulating activities, such as puzzles, reading, or learning new skills
- Stay socially connected with family, friends, or community groups
- Use memory aids like calendars, notes, and labeled containers
- Plan for safety at home, such as removing trip hazards and improving lighting
Medical treatments
Medications may be prescribed to help with memory, confusion, and behavior problems. These include drugs that increase levels of brain chemicals involved in memory and communication, and others that can help with mood or agitation. All medications should be discussed with a doctor. Non-drug approaches, like cognitive stimulation therapy and lifestyle changes, are also very important.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not a treatment for Alzheimer's disease itself. However, people with Alzheimer's may need surgery for other health problems. It is important to discuss anesthesia and recovery plans with the medical team.
Living with this condition
Living with Alzheimer's means adjusting to changes in memory and thinking. Many people can still enjoy life for years with support. Creating a calm and predictable environment, using reminders, and focusing on abilities rather than losses can help. It is important to plan for legal, financial, and care decisions while the person can still participate.
Lifestyle tips
- Maintain a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
- Stay physically active to support brain health and overall well-being
- Get good quality sleep and address sleep problems with help from a doctor
- Avoid alcohol and smoking
- Keep up with hobbies and activities that bring joy and purpose
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet like the Mediterranean diet, which includes plenty of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, and healthy oils, may help support brain health. Regular exercise, such as walking or gentle stretching, can improve mood, sleep, and physical strength. Always check with a doctor before starting a new exercise programme.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Alzheimer's can cause feelings of frustration, sadness, fear, and anger in the person and their family. It is common to experience depression or anxiety. Talking to a professional, joining a support group, and staying connected with others can help. If you have thoughts of harming yourself or someone else, call your local emergency number immediately.
Prevention
There is no sure way to prevent Alzheimer's, but research shows that healthy lifestyle habits may lower the risk. These include staying physically active, eating a healthy diet, not smoking, limiting alcohol, managing blood pressure and diabetes, staying mentally active, and staying socially connected.
Vaccines
Screening programmes
Routine screening for Alzheimer's is not recommended for people without symptoms. However, if you have concerns about your memory, talk to a doctor. Some research studies are looking at brain scans and blood tests to detect early signs, but these are not yet standard.
Complications
If left untreated
- Worsening memory loss that makes independent living unsafe
- Increased risk of falls, fractures, and injuries
- Difficulty eating and drinking, leading to weight loss and dehydration
- Infections, especially pneumonia and urinary tract infections
- Behaviour problems like aggression or wandering
- Depression and social isolation
Long-term outlook
Alzheimer's disease progresses over many years, often 8 to 10 years after diagnosis. While there is currently no way to stop it, treatments and support can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Research is ongoing, and there are many sources of hope and help. Planning ahead and getting support early can make a big difference.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- Alzheimer's Society (UK) ↗ · United Kingdom
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.