Anaemia
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Anaemia is a condition where your blood has fewer red blood cells or less haemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) than normal. This means your body's organs and tissues don't get enough oxygen, which can make you feel tired and weak.
Key facts
- Anaemia is one of the most common blood disorders worldwide.
- It can be mild or severe, and often improves with the right treatment.
- There are many different types, each with its own cause.
Yes, anaemia is very common. The World Health Organization estimates that about 24% of the world's population has anaemia. It affects people of all ages, but is more common in women, young children, and people with long-term illnesses.
Anaemia can affect anyone, but it is more common in women (especially during pregnancy), infants and young children, older adults, people with chronic conditions like kidney disease or inflammatory bowel disease, and those with a poor diet.
Symptoms
- Chest pain or tightness
- Difficulty breathing that does not improve with rest
- Feeling like you might pass out (fainting)
- ⚠Very fast or irregular heartbeat that does not go away
- ⚠Severe shortness of breath that gets worse
- ⚠Pale, cold, or clammy skin
Common symptoms
- Feeling tired or weak
- Pale or sallow skin
- Shortness of breath, especially with activity
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Cold hands and feet
- Fast or irregular heartbeat
- Headaches
Symptoms in children
- Slower growth and development
- Pale skin and irritability
- Poor appetite
- Getting tired easily during play
Symptoms in older adults
- Confusion or memory problems
- Increased falls or unsteadiness
- Worsening of other health conditions like heart problems
Causes
Main causes
- Blood loss: Heavy periods, bleeding in the stomach or intestines, or injury.
- Not enough red blood cell production: This can happen due to a lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folate in the diet, or due to bone marrow problems.
- Increased destruction of red blood cells: Conditions like sickle cell disease or autoimmune disorders.
Risk factors
- A diet low in iron, vitamin B12, or folate
- Heavy menstrual periods
- Pregnancy and childbirth
- Chronic diseases like kidney disease, cancer, or rheumatoid arthritis
- Family history of inherited anaemia (like sickle cell or thalassemia)
- Digestive problems that affect nutrient absorption (like celiac disease or after weight loss surgery)
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have chest pain, trouble breathing, or feel like you might faint, call your local emergency number immediately.
- If you notice blood in your stools or vomit, seek urgent care.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have been feeling tired for weeks without a clear reason
- If you have heavy periods or other signs of blood loss
- If you have a family history of anaemia and are feeling unwell
Diagnosis
A doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and family history. They will also do a physical exam and order blood tests.
Tests that may be done
- Complete blood count (CBC): This shows the number and size of your red blood cells and your haemoglobin level.
- Iron studies: To check if you have low iron stores.
- Vitamin B12 and folate levels: To see if you lack these vitamins.
- Other tests: Depending on the suspected cause, you may have tests for bleeding, bone marrow, or inherited disorders.
What to expect at your appointment
Diagnosis usually involves a simple blood draw. Sometimes you might need more tests like a stool test or an endoscopy (a camera test to look inside your digestive system). Your doctor will explain each step and what it means.
Treatment
Treatment for anaemia depends on the cause. The goal is to increase your red blood cell count and improve symptoms. Common approaches include dietary changes, supplements, and treating the underlying condition.
Self-care at home
- Eat iron-rich foods like lean meat, beans, leafy greens, and fortified cereals.
- Include vitamin C (like citrus fruits) to help your body absorb iron.
- If you are low in B12, include eggs, dairy, or fortified plant milks.
- Avoid drinking tea or coffee with meals as they can reduce iron absorption.
Medical treatments
If dietary changes are not enough, your doctor may recommend supplements (like iron, B12, or folate). For severe anaemia or certain types (like sickle cell anaemia), treatments may include injections, medications that help your body make more red blood cells, or blood transfusions. Always follow your doctor's advice and do not take supplements without a prescription.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is rarely needed for anaemia. However, if the cause is severe blood loss (e.g., from a bleeding ulcer or tumour), you may need a procedure to stop the bleeding.
Living with this condition
Most people with anaemia can manage their condition well with treatment. You may need to pace yourself when you feel tired, and make sure you get enough rest. Keep follow-up appointments with your doctor to monitor your levels.
Lifestyle tips
- Eat a balanced diet with plenty of iron, B12, and folate.
- Stay active but listen to your body – rest when you need to.
- Manage stress with relaxation techniques like deep breathing or gentle exercise.
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol, as they can worsen anaemia.
Diet and exercise
A healthy diet is key. Include foods rich in iron (red meat, spinach, lentils), vitamin C (oranges, bell peppers), and B12 (fish, eggs, fortified cereals). Gentle exercise like walking or yoga can help boost your energy, but do not push yourself if you feel weak.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with chronic fatigue can be frustrating and may affect your mood. It is normal to feel down at times. Talk to your doctor if you feel anxious or depressed – they can offer support or refer you to a counsellor. Remember, treatment often improves both your energy and your emotional well-being.
Prevention
Some types of anaemia can be prevented by eating a balanced diet and managing health conditions. Iron-deficiency anaemia, for example, is often preventable with good nutrition. However, some inherited types cannot be prevented.
Screening programmes
If you are at higher risk (e.g., pregnant women, young children, people with chronic diseases), your doctor may recommend regular blood tests to check for anaemia early.
Complications
If left untreated
- Severe fatigue that affects daily life
- Increased risk of infections
- Heart problems, including an enlarged heart or heart failure (from the heart working harder to pump oxygen-rich blood)
- In pregnancy: increased risk of premature birth or low birth weight
- In children: slower growth and development
Long-term outlook
With proper treatment, most types of anaemia improve significantly. Even chronic forms can be managed so that you can live a full and active life. The key is to work with your doctor to find the right treatment for you.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- NHS – Anaemia ↗ · United Kingdom
- American Society of Hematology – Anemia ↗ · United States
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.