Deep vein thrombosis awareness

Overview

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, most often in the leg. The clot can block blood flow and cause pain and swelling. If the clot breaks loose and travels to the lungs, it becomes a pulmonary embolism, which is a medical emergency.

Yes, DVT is a common condition. It occurs in about 1 to 2 people per 1,000 each year, with the risk increasing with age.

DVT can affect anyone, but it is more common in adults over 60, people who are immobile for long periods, those with certain medical conditions (like cancer or heart failure), and people who have had recent surgery or injury. It can also affect pregnant women and people with inherited blood clotting disorders.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Swelling in one leg (or sometimes both)
• Pain or tenderness in the leg, often starting in the calf
• Warm skin over the affected area
• Red or discolored skin on the leg

Symptoms in children

• DVT is rare in children, but symptoms may include leg swelling, pain, or a feeling of heaviness. The child may also have a low-grade fever.

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults may have the same classic symptoms, but they might also experience more subtle signs like unexplained fatigue or a general feeling of being unwell.
• They may be less likely to notice mild swelling or pain, so any leg changes should be checked.

Causes

Main causes

• Blood clots form when blood flow slows down or stops in a vein.
• Injury to the vein wall (from surgery, trauma, or an intravenous catheter) can trigger a clot.
• Certain conditions make blood more likely to clot (such as pregnancy, cancer, or inherited clotting disorders).

Risk factors

• Being over 60 years old
• Having cancer or heart failure
• Recent surgery (especially hip or knee replacement)
• Prolonged immobility (long flights, bed rest, or sitting for many hours)
• Injury to a leg or foot
• Obesity
• Use of hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills
• Pregnancy and up to 6 weeks after giving birth
• Previous DVT or family history of blood clots

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden swelling or pain in one leg, especially if you recently had surgery, were on a long trip, or have a known risk factor.
• If your leg feels warm, looks red, or the veins seem larger than normal.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have milder leg symptoms that do not go away after a few days, it is a good idea to get checked.
• If you have a family history of DVT or have concerns about your risk, talk to your doctor.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, check your leg, and review your medical history. They will likely order one or more tests to confirm or rule out DVT.

Tests that may be done

• D-dimer blood test (measures a substance released when a clot breaks down)
• Ultrasound of the leg (uses sound waves to create images of blood flow and clots)
• Sometimes a venogram (X-ray with dye) or MRI is used if the ultrasound is not clear

What to expect at your appointment

The tests are generally quick and painless. For an ultrasound, a gel is applied to your leg, and a small device is moved over the skin. You can go home the same day. If DVT is found, your doctor will discuss treatment right away.

Treatment

Treatment for DVT focuses on stopping the clot from growing, preventing new clots, and reducing the risk of a clot moving to your lungs. Most people are treated with blood thinning medications (anticoagulants) for several months.

Self-care at home

• Take all medications exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
• Wear compression stockings if recommended (they help reduce swelling and improve blood flow).
• Keep your leg elevated when you can, especially in the first few days.
• Stay active with gentle walking as advised by your doctor; do not sit still for long periods.

Medical treatments

The main treatment is with blood thinning medicines (anticoagulants). These are usually given as pills or injections. You will need regular blood tests to monitor the effect. The goal is to keep your blood from clotting too much. Treatment typically lasts at least 3 to 6 months, sometimes longer if you have ongoing risk factors. In some cases, a filter may be placed in a large vein to catch clots before they reach the lungs.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for DVT. It may be considered if a clot is very large or if you cannot take blood thinners. A procedure called thrombectomy (removing the clot through a small tube) is sometimes used in severe cases.

Living with this condition

Living with DVT usually means taking blood thinners for a period of time and making some lifestyle adjustments. Most people can return to normal activities within a few weeks, but you will need to avoid activities that could cause injury or bruising while on blood thinners.

Lifestyle tips

• Avoid alcohol in large amounts, as it can interfere with blood thinners.
• Wear a medical alert bracelet or carry a card that states you are on blood thinners.
• Be careful with activities that could cut or bruise you (like gardening, contact sports).
• Move your legs regularly during long trips or desk work.

Diet and exercise

It is safe to eat a balanced diet. Do not make drastic changes in your intake of vitamin K (found in leafy greens) if you are on warfarin, but for other blood thinners, no special diet is needed. Regular gentle exercise, like walking, is encouraged. Avoid sitting or standing still for too long.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Being diagnosed with DVT can cause anxiety about having another clot or about complications. It is normal to feel worried. Talk to your healthcare provider about your concerns. If you feel overwhelmed, consider speaking to a counsellor or calling a mental health helpline.

Prevention

You can lower your risk of DVT by staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, and staying hydrated. During long trips, get up and move every 2 to 3 hours. After surgery, follow your doctor's advice about moving and using compression devices to prevent clots.

Screening programmes

Routine screening for DVT is not recommended for the general public. If you have a strong family history of clots or a known genetic clotting disorder, your doctor may recommend preventative measures in high-risk situations (like surgery or long flights).

Complications

If left untreated

• Pulmonary embolism (clot travels to the lungs) – this can be life-threatening.
• Post-thrombotic syndrome – long-term leg pain, swelling, and skin changes because of damage to the vein.
• Increased risk of another clot in the future.

Long-term outlook

With prompt treatment, most people recover fully from DVT and can avoid serious complications. The outlook is generally very good, especially if you follow your treatment plan and take steps to prevent future clots. If you have had a DVT, your doctor will help you manage your ongoing risk.

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