Measles

Overview

Measles is a very contagious viral infection that causes a fever and a red rash. It can be serious, especially for babies, young children, and adults with weak immune systems.

Measles is less common in countries with high vaccination rates, but outbreaks still happen, especially when many people are not vaccinated.

Anyone who has not been vaccinated or had measles before can catch it. It spreads quickly among people who are not immune, including children and adults.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• High fever (often above 40°C)
• Cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes
• Tiny white spots inside the mouth (Koplik spots)
• A red rash that starts on the face and spreads down the body

Symptoms in children

• Same symptoms as above, but sometimes more severe
• Increased risk of ear infections and diarrhea
• May become dehydrated from fever and not drinking enough

Symptoms in older adults

• Same symptoms as above, but often more serious
• Higher risk of pneumonia and other complications
• Rash may be less typical, making diagnosis harder

Causes

Main causes

• Measles is caused by the measles virus.
• It spreads through droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
• The virus can live in the air for up to 2 hours after an infected person leaves a room.

Risk factors

• Not being vaccinated against measles
• Traveling to areas where measles is common
• Being in crowded places like schools, daycare, or public transport
• Having a weakened immune system

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you or your child has a high fever, severe cough, or trouble breathing
• If you suspect measles and have never been vaccinated

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have mild symptoms but are worried about measles
• If you have been in contact with someone who has measles and are not immune

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about your symptoms and whether you have been near someone with measles. They may also take a sample from your nose, throat, or blood to confirm the virus.

Tests that may be done

• Blood test to check for measles antibodies
• Swab from the nose or throat to test for the virus
• Urine test (less common)

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will examine the rash and mouth spots. They will ask about your vaccination history and any recent travel. If measles is confirmed, you will be advised to stay home to avoid spreading it.

Treatment

There is no specific medicine to kill the measles virus. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Most people get better on their own with plenty of rest and fluids.

Self-care at home

• Get plenty of rest and sleep
• Drink lots of fluids (water, clear soups, oral rehydration solutions) to prevent dehydration
• Use a cool-mist humidifier to ease cough and sore throat
• Take paracetamol or ibuprofen to reduce fever and aches (do not give aspirin to children under 16)

Medical treatments

Doctors may prescribe vitamin A supplements, which can help reduce the risk of serious complications. If a bacterial infection develops (like ear infection or pneumonia), antibiotics may be given. In severe cases, hospital care with intravenous fluids and oxygen may be needed.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not needed for measles.

Living with this condition

If you or your child has measles, stay home from school, work, or daycare until at least 4 days after the rash started. Avoid contact with people who are not vaccinated, have weak immune systems, or are pregnant.

Lifestyle tips

• Isolate from others in the household if possible
• Cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow
• Wash hands often with soap and water

Diet and exercise

Eat small, light meals if you have appetite. Drink plenty of liquids. Do not push yourself to exercise; rest until you feel better.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Being sick with measles can be scary, especially for parents of a sick child. It is normal to feel worried. Talk to your healthcare provider about any concerns. Staying in touch with friends and family by phone or video can help you feel less alone.

Prevention

Yes, measles can be prevented with the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella). Two doses are needed for full protection. This vaccine is very effective and safe.

Vaccines

The MMR vaccine is given as two doses: the first at 12–15 months old and the second at 3–6 years old. Adults who have not been vaccinated can get the vaccine from their healthcare provider.

Screening programmes

No routine screening is needed for measles. However, if you are planning to travel or have been exposed, your doctor may check your immunity with a blood test.

Complications

If left untreated

• Pneumonia (lung infection) – the most common serious complication
• Encephalitis (swelling of the brain) – rare but very serious
• Ear infections that can lead to hearing loss
• Severe diarrhea and dehydration
• In pregnant women: miscarriage or early birth

Long-term outlook

Most people recover from measles within 2–3 weeks. However, complications can be serious, especially for babies, older adults, and those with weak immune systems. The best way to protect yourself and others is to get vaccinated. If you do get measles, early medical care can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

Find support

International organisations

• World Health Organization (WHO) – Measles ↗
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Measles ↗

Local organisations

• NHS – Measles ↗ · United Kingdom
• Health Protection Scotland – Measles ↗ · Scotland
• Public Health Wales – Measles ↗ · Wales

Helplines

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