Orchitis
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Orchitis is swelling (inflammation) of one or both testicles. It is often caused by an infection, either from bacteria or a virus.
Key facts
- Orchitis can be painful but is usually treatable with rest and medicine.
- It can happen at any age, but is most common in men aged 19 to 35.
- Viral orchitis is often linked to the mumps virus.
Orchitis is not very common, but it does happen. Most cases are seen in younger men and are often caused by a bacterial infection from a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or a viral infection like mumps.
Orchitis can affect males of any age, including children and older men. It is more common in men who are sexually active, especially those under 35. Children can get orchitis if they have mumps.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe pain in the testicle or scrotum
- Swelling that comes on very quickly
- Nausea or vomiting with testicular pain
- High fever with chills and shaking
- ⚠Pain or burning when you urinate
- ⚠Blood in your urine
- ⚠Discharge from the penis
- ⚠Testicular pain that does not go away after a day of rest and pain relief
Common symptoms
- Pain and swelling in one or both testicles
- Tenderness or a heavy feeling in the scrotum
- Redness or warmth of the scrotum
- Pain that may spread to the groin or lower belly
Symptoms in children
- Swelling and redness of the scrotum
- Fever and feeling unwell
- Crying or irritability when the diaper area is touched (in very young children)
Symptoms in older adults
- Same symptoms as younger adults, but may also have pain when urinating or a discharge from the penis if caused by a bacterial infection
- Fever and chills
Causes
Main causes
- Bacterial infection – often from a sexually transmitted infection (STI) like chlamydia or gonorrhea
- Viral infection – most commonly from the mumps virus
- Urinary tract infection or prostate infection spreading to the testicle
- Injury or trauma to the groin area
Risk factors
- Being sexually active with multiple partners
- Not using condoms during sex
- Having a history of mumps or not being vaccinated against mumps
- Having a catheter or recent surgery on the urinary tract
- Having a weak immune system
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Sudden severe testicle pain
- Swelling that gets worse quickly
- Fever with chills
- Difficulty urinating
Book a routine appointment if:
- Mild testicle pain or swelling that lasts more than a day
- Pain during urination or discharge from the penis
- A history of mumps exposure or not being vaccinated
Diagnosis
A doctor will ask about your symptoms, sexual history, and any recent illnesses. They will also do a physical exam, including checking your testicles and scrotum for swelling and tenderness.
Tests that may be done
- Urine test to check for bacteria or signs of infection
- Swab test from the penis to check for STIs
- Blood test to look for signs of mumps virus or other infections
- Ultrasound of the scrotum to see if there is swelling, an abscess, or twisting (torsion) of the testicle
What to expect at your appointment
The doctor may press gently on your testicles and ask you to cough or bear down. The tests are usually quick and not painful. An ultrasound uses sound waves and is painless. Results may come back in a few days for some tests.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause. Bacterial orchitis is treated with antibiotics. Viral orchitis usually gets better on its own with rest and self-care. Your doctor will recommend the best plan for you.
Self-care at home
- Rest in bed with your scrotum supported (like with a rolled-up towel or supportive underwear)
- Apply a cold pack (wrapped in a cloth) to the scrotum to reduce swelling
- Take over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol or ibuprofen — check with your pharmacist which is safe for you
- Avoid heavy lifting or exercise until swelling goes down
- Drink plenty of fluids
Medical treatments
For bacterial orchitis, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. You must take the full course, even if you feel better. For viral orchitis, pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medicines may be recommended. In some cases, if the cause is an STI, your partner may also need treatment to prevent reinfection.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is rarely needed for orchitis. It may be needed if an abscess (a pocket of pus) forms and needs to be drained, or if the testicle is damaged.
Living with this condition
While recovering, take it easy. Wear supportive underwear or a scrotal support. Avoid sports and heavy lifting until your doctor says it's safe. Pain and swelling usually improve within a few days, but it may take up to a few weeks to fully heal.
Lifestyle tips
- Use condoms during sex to prevent STIs
- Practice good hygiene, especially after using the toilet
- Stay up to date with vaccines, especially the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine
- Avoid close contact with anyone who has mumps if you are not vaccinated
Diet and exercise
A healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and water can support your immune system. Avoid strenuous exercise until you are fully recovered. Light walking is usually fine.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Testicular pain and swelling can be worrying and may affect your mood. It is normal to feel anxious or upset. Talk to your doctor if you have concerns about fertility or sexual health. Reach out to a trusted friend, family member, or counselor if you need emotional support.
Prevention
Many cases of orchitis can be prevented. Using condoms during sex reduces the risk of STIs that can cause orchitis. Getting the MMR vaccine protects against mumps, and good hygiene helps prevent infections.
Vaccines
The MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) is the best way to prevent mumps-related orchitis. Ask your doctor if you or your child are up to date on this vaccine.
Screening programmes
If you are sexually active with more than one partner, regular STI testing can help catch infections early before they cause orchitis. Talk to your doctor or visit a sexual health clinic.
Complications
If left untreated
- Abscess formation (a pocket of pus) inside the scrotum
- Infertility (difficulty fathering a child) if both testicles are affected or if treatment is delayed
- Chronic pain or scarring of the testicle
- Spread of infection to the blood (sepsis) in rare cases
Long-term outlook
With proper treatment, most people with orchitis recover fully. Pain and swelling usually go away within 1 to 2 weeks. Fertility problems are uncommon if only one testicle is affected and treatment is given promptly. It is important to follow your doctor's advice and finish all medicines.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- NHS (National Health Service) ↗ · United Kingdom
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.