Post concussion symptoms

Overview

Post-concussion symptoms are physical, thinking, and emotional changes that can last for weeks or months after a concussion (a mild brain injury). This is sometimes called post-concussion syndrome.

Yes, post-concussion symptoms are common after a concussion, especially in the first month.

It can affect anyone who has had a concussion, including children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. People who have had multiple concussions may be at higher risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Headache
• Dizziness or balance problems
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Sensitivity to light or noise
• Trouble concentrating or remembering
• Irritability or mood changes
• Sleep problems (too much or too little)

Symptoms in children

• Crying more than usual
• Clumsiness
• Loss of interest in favorite toys or activities
• Changes in eating or sleeping patterns
• Seeming dazed or confused

Symptoms in older adults

• Worsening of existing health conditions
• More confusion or memory problems
• Increased risk of falls due to balance issues
• Slower recovery

Causes

Main causes

• A concussion is caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head that makes the brain move inside the skull.
• Even a mild concussion can trigger post-concussion symptoms.

Risk factors

• Being younger (children and teens take longer to recover)
• Having had a concussion before
• A history of migraines or other headaches
• Pre-existing mental health conditions like anxiety or depression
• Severe initial injury or repeated concussions

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have any emergency symptoms listed above, call your local emergency number immediately.
• If you have a headache that gets worse, confusion, or balance problems that don't improve with rest, see a doctor within 24 hours.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If symptoms last longer than expected (more than 2–3 weeks) or are affecting your daily life, make an appointment with your doctor.
• You should also see a doctor if you have concerns about returning to sports or work.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your injury and your symptoms. They will perform a physical exam and may test your thinking, balance, and vision.

Tests that may be done

• Neurological exam (checking reflexes, coordination, eye movements)
• Cognitive tests (testing memory, concentration, reaction time)
• Imaging tests like CT or MRI if serious injury is suspected (but not routinely needed)

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will ask about the details of your injury and your symptoms. They may ask you to do simple tasks like walking in a straight line or remembering a list of words. You will likely be advised to rest and then slowly increase activities.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on rest and gradual return to normal activities. There is no quick cure. The goal is to help your brain heal while managing symptoms.

Self-care at home

• Get plenty of sleep and rest when you feel tired.
• Take breaks from activities that make symptoms worse, like screen time or reading.
• Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs, as they can slow healing.
• Use ice packs for headaches (no medication without doctor advice).
• Return to work or school slowly, with modifications if needed.

Medical treatments

Your doctor may recommend over-the-counter pain relievers for headaches, but only after confirming it is safe. They may also refer you to specialists like a neurologist, physiotherapist, or psychologist for persistent symptoms. Treatment is tailored to your specific symptoms.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not needed for post-concussion symptoms. It is only considered if there is a more serious brain injury like a bleed or swelling, which is rare.

Living with this condition

Managing post-concussion symptoms requires patience. Plan your days with rest breaks. Avoid overstimulation (bright lights, loud noises). Keep a diary of your symptoms to share with your doctor.

Lifestyle tips

• Get consistent sleep—go to bed and wake up at the same times.
• Limit screen time and take frequent breaks.
• Avoid activities that risk another head injury, such as contact sports.
• Stay hydrated and eat regular meals.

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and protein. Avoid excessive sugar or caffeine. Light exercise like walking can help, but stop if symptoms worsen. Always get your doctor's approval before starting any exercise.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Post-concussion symptoms can affect your mood and mental health. You may feel more irritable, anxious, or depressed. It is important to talk to your doctor or a mental health professional if you are struggling. If you ever feel like hurting yourself, call a crisis helpline immediately.

Prevention

Post-concussion symptoms cannot always be prevented after a concussion, but the best way to reduce risk is to prevent concussions in the first place. Wear a helmet when biking, skiing, or playing contact sports. Use seat belts in cars. Make your home safer to prevent falls, especially for children and older adults.

Complications

If left untreated

• Persistent symptoms lasting months or longer (called persistent post-concussive symptoms)
• Increased risk of developing anxiety or depression
• Problems with memory and concentration that affect work or school
• Second Impact Syndrome (rare but serious – a second concussion before the first heals can cause severe brain swelling)

Long-term outlook

The outlook is generally good. Most people recover fully within weeks to months. With proper rest and gradual return to activities, symptoms improve. For a small number of people, symptoms may last longer, but ongoing care and support can help manage them.

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