Pulmonary hypertension awareness
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Pulmonary hypertension is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries that carry blood from your heart to your lungs is too high. This puts strain on the right side of your heart and can make it harder for your heart to pump blood through your lungs.
Key facts
- Pulmonary hypertension affects the blood vessels in the lungs, not the rest of the body like regular high blood pressure.
- It can develop on its own or be caused by other conditions such as heart or lung disease.
- Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Pulmonary hypertension is not very common. It is considered a rare condition, affecting about 1 in 100,000 people each year.
It can affect people of any age, but it is more often diagnosed in adults between 30 and 60 years old. Women are more likely to develop some types of pulmonary hypertension than men.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe chest pain
- Sudden trouble breathing that does not get better with rest
- Fainting or passing out
- Coughing up blood
- ⚠Increasing shortness of breath that does not improve with usual rest
- ⚠New or worsening swelling in your legs or belly
- ⚠Feeling dizzy or lightheaded often
- ⚠Chest pain that comes and goes
Common symptoms
- Shortness of breath during everyday activities
- Feeling tired or weak
- Chest pain or pressure
- Dizziness or fainting spells
- Swelling in the ankles, legs, or belly
- Racing heartbeat or palpitations
Symptoms in children
- Frequent tiredness during play
- Hard time keeping up with friends
- Fainting or nearly fainting
- Poor appetite or slow growth
Symptoms in older adults
- Shortness of breath that gets worse over time
- Swelling in the legs and feet
- Fatigue that limits daily activities
- Chest discomfort with exertion
Causes
Main causes
- Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension – when the cause is unknown
- Heart conditions such as left-sided heart disease
- Lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary fibrosis
- Blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
- Connective tissue diseases like scleroderma or lupus
- Liver disease (cirrhosis)
- Certain medications or drugs (e.g., some diet pills or street drugs)
Risk factors
- Family history of pulmonary hypertension
- Having a heart or lung disease
- Living with HIV or other chronic infections
- Using certain appetite suppressants or recreational drugs
- High altitude living (may contribute in some cases)
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have sudden severe chest pain or trouble breathing
- If you faint or nearly faint
- If you cough up blood
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you feel short of breath during normal activities and it does not go away
- If you notice swelling in your ankles or legs that is new or getting worse
- If you feel dizzy or tired more than usual without a clear reason
Diagnosis
A doctor will take your medical history, ask about your symptoms, and perform a physical exam. They may use several tests to check your heart and lungs.
Tests that may be done
- Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart)
- Blood tests
- Chest X-ray
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Pulmonary function tests (breathing tests)
- Right heart catheterization (a thin tube inserted into a vein to measure pressure in the pulmonary arteries)
- CT scan or MRI of the chest
What to expect at your appointment
Diagnosis often takes time because symptoms can be similar to other conditions. You may be referred to a specialist (pulmonologist or cardiologist) who focuses on lung or heart diseases. The process may involve several appointments, but it is important to be thorough.
Treatment
Treatment aims to reduce strain on your heart, improve symptoms, and slow the progression of the disease. It often involves a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes procedures. Your care team will create a plan tailored to you.
Self-care at home
- Stay as active as you can, but avoid heavy exertion
- Eat a balanced diet low in salt to help manage swelling
- Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke
- Get plenty of rest and listen to your body
- Stay up to date with vaccinations (flu, pneumonia, COVID-19)
- Avoid high altitudes and extreme temperatures
Medical treatments
Medications used for pulmonary hypertension help relax blood vessels in the lungs, reduce blood pressure, and improve heart function. These may include oral pills, inhaled medicines, or intravenous (through a vein) therapies. Oxygen therapy may be prescribed if your oxygen levels are low. In some cases, a procedure called balloon atrial septostomy (a small opening made between heart chambers) can help relieve pressure.
When is surgery considered?
For some people with severe, progressive pulmonary hypertension that does not respond to other treatments, a lung transplant or heart-lung transplant may be considered. Surgery is only an option after careful evaluation by a specialist team.
Living with this condition
Living with pulmonary hypertension means managing your energy and avoiding activities that trigger shortness of breath. Many people continue to work and enjoy hobbies, but at a slower pace. Planning your day and taking breaks can help.
Lifestyle tips
- Learn to recognize your limits and rest when needed
- Use a 'buddy system' when traveling or doing physical activity
- Keep a symptom diary to share with your doctor
- Join a support group to connect with others who understand
Diet and exercise
A heart-healthy diet low in salt can reduce fluid buildup. Aim for small, frequent meals. Mild to moderate exercise, like walking or gentle stretching, can improve stamina but should be done under your doctor’s guidance. Avoid heavy lifting or intense workouts.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with a chronic condition can be stressful and cause anxiety or depression. It is normal to feel worried or sad at times. Talk to your healthcare team about your feelings. They can connect you with counseling or support services. If you ever feel overwhelmed, reach out to a crisis helpline.
Prevention
Most cases of pulmonary hypertension are not preventable, especially when the cause is unknown. However, managing underlying conditions like heart or lung disease, avoiding recreational drug use, and quitting smoking may lower your risk.
Vaccines
Staying up to date with vaccines for flu, pneumonia, and COVID-19 helps prevent infections that could worsen your condition.
Screening programmes
Routine screening is not recommended for the general public. If you have a family history of pulmonary hypertension or a condition that increases your risk, talk to your doctor about regular checkups.
Complications
If left untreated
- Right-sided heart failure (the heart cannot pump blood effectively)
- Irregular heart rhythms that can be serious
- Blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
- Bleeding in the lungs (hemoptysis)
- Increased risk of death
Long-term outlook
Pulmonary hypertension is a serious condition, but with early diagnosis and modern treatments, many people live for years with a good quality of life. Treatments have improved a lot, and new therapies are being developed. Your healthcare team will work with you to manage symptoms and slow the disease. Staying engaged in your care and following your treatment plan can make a real difference.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 9, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.