Sciatica
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Sciatica is a term for pain that travels along the sciatic nerve. This nerve runs from your lower back down through your buttock and into the back of your leg. The pain is usually caused by something pressing on the nerve, such as a slipped disc or a narrowed space in your spine.
Key facts
- Sciatica is a symptom, not a condition itself – it refers to pain along the nerve pathway.
- Most people with sciatica get better within a few weeks without surgery.
- Simple self-care like gentle exercise and over-the-counter pain relief can help.
Yes, sciatica is very common. Up to 40% of people will experience it at some point in their lives.
Sciatica can affect anyone, but it is most common in people aged 30 to 50. It also tends to affect people who sit for long periods, have jobs that involve heavy lifting, or have a history of back problems.
Symptoms
- Sudden loss of bladder or bowel control – you cannot pee or have a bowel movement.
- Numbness or tingling in your groin or inner thighs – this area where a saddle would sit.
- Sudden weakness in both legs, making it hard to walk or stand.
- ⚠New or worsening weakness in one or both legs.
- ⚠Severe pain that does not get better with rest or over-the-counter pain relief.
- ⚠Pain that comes on after a fall or injury.
Common symptoms
- Pain in the lower back, buttock, or leg – often described as a burning, shooting, or sharp pain.
- Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot.
- Weakness in the leg or foot, making it hard to lift your foot or walk normally.
- Pain that gets worse when you cough, sneeze, or sit for a long time.
Symptoms in children
- Sciatica is rare in children, but if it occurs, symptoms may include limping or avoiding putting weight on one leg.
- Children might complain of a burning or aching feeling in the buttock or leg.
- They may have trouble keeping up with friends during play or sports.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults may experience sciatica due to age-related changes in the spine, like narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis).
- Pain may be less sharp but more of a constant ache, often in both legs.
- Weakness and balance problems can increase the risk of falls.
Causes
Main causes
- A herniated disc – the soft cushion between your spine bones slips out and presses on the nerve.
- Spinal stenosis – narrowing of the spinal canal that squeezes the nerve.
- Spondylolisthesis – a bone in your spine slips out of place and pinches the nerve.
- In rare cases, a tumour or infection can press on the sciatic nerve.
Risk factors
- Age – discs become less flexible and more likely to herniate as you get older.
- Prolonged sitting – especially with poor posture.
- Heavy lifting or twisting your back at work or during sports.
- Obesity – extra weight puts more pressure on your spine.
- Diabetes – can increase the risk of nerve damage.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- You have sudden loss of bladder or bowel control.
- You feel numbness or tingling in your groin or saddle area.
- You have sudden weakness in both legs.
Book a routine appointment if:
- Your pain has not improved after a few weeks of self-care.
- Your pain is affecting your daily activities or sleep.
- You have numbness or weakness that keeps getting worse.
Diagnosis
A doctor will ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam. They may check your leg strength, reflexes, and sensation. They might also ask you to walk or move in certain ways to see what triggers your pain.
Tests that may be done
- Most of the time, no tests are needed because your symptoms and exam are enough to diagnose sciatica.
- If symptoms are severe or do not improve, your doctor may order an MRI scan to look at your spine and nerves.
- Rarely, a CT scan or nerve conduction test may be used.
What to expect at your appointment
Your doctor will talk with you about your symptoms and do a straightforward exam. They will explain the likely cause and give you advice on self-care. If more tests are needed, they will explain why and what will happen next.
Treatment
Treatment for sciatica focuses on relieving pain and helping you stay active. Most people recover with simple self-care and time. Your doctor may suggest a combination of rest, gentle exercise, pain relief, and physical therapy.
Self-care at home
- Stay active, but avoid activities that make the pain worse. Gentle walking is good.
- Apply heat or cold packs to the painful area for 15–20 minutes several times a day.
- Try simple stretching exercises for your back and legs, like lying on your back and pulling your knee toward your chest.
- Sleep on your side with a pillow between your knees to support your spine.
Medical treatments
If self-care is not enough, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter pain relievers or anti-inflammatories (like ibuprofen). They may also prescribe stronger pain medicines, muscle relaxants, or nerve pain medicines – always as directed by a healthcare professional. Physical therapy with a specialist can teach you exercises to strengthen your back and core muscles.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is rarely needed. It is considered only when symptoms are severe, such as causing major weakness in a leg or affecting bladder or bowel function, and only after a few weeks of trying other treatments. The most common surgery is a discectomy – removing the part of the disc that is pressing on the nerve.
Living with this condition
Try to stay as active as your pain allows. Avoid long periods of sitting. If you have a desk job, stand up and stretch every 30 minutes. Use a chair with good lumbar support. When lifting something, bend your knees, not your back.
Lifestyle tips
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on your spine.
- Practice good posture when sitting, standing, and sleeping.
- Avoid smoking – it can weaken spinal discs and reduce healing.
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps your body stay healthy and repair tissues. Gentle exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga can improve flexibility and strengthen muscles that support your spine.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with pain can be frustrating and stressful. It is normal to feel down or anxious. Talk to your doctor or a counsellor if you are struggling. Staying connected with family and friends, and finding activities you can still enjoy, can help your mood.
Prevention
You cannot always prevent sciatica, but you can lower your risk by staying active, maintaining good posture, and using proper lifting techniques. Regular exercise that strengthens your back and core muscles helps protect your spine.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening test for sciatica. If you have back pain or symptoms, your doctor can assess your risk and give you advice.
Complications
If left untreated
- Chronic (long-lasting) pain that does not go away.
- Muscle weakness or wasting in the leg or foot.
- Loss of feeling in part of your leg.
- Rarely, cauda equina syndrome – a medical emergency that requires immediate surgery to prevent permanent paralysis.
Long-term outlook
The outlook for sciatica is very good. Most people feel better within 4–6 weeks with simple care. Even if your pain takes a bit longer, there are many treatments that can help. With the right approach, you can get back to your normal activities.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- NHS – Back pain ↗ · UK
- HealthDirect – Sciatica ↗ · Australia
Helplines
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.