Vertigo
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Vertigo is a sensation that you or the world around you is spinning or moving, even when you are still. It is different from lightheadedness or feeling faint. Vertigo is not a disease itself but a symptom of an underlying problem, often in the inner ear.
Key facts
- Most vertigo is caused by issues in the inner ear, like loose crystals or inflammation.
- Sudden head movements often trigger vertigo episodes.
- Vertigo can last from a few seconds to several days, depending on the cause.
Yes, vertigo is very common. About 40% of adults experience it at some point in their lives.
Vertigo can affect people of any age, but it is more common in older adults and those with inner ear conditions, migraines, or after a head injury.
Symptoms
- Sudden severe vertigo with chest pain, difficulty breathing, or palpitations
- Vertigo along with slurred speech, numbness or weakness on one side of the body, or face drooping – these could be signs of a stroke
- Loss of consciousness or confusion
- Double vision or trouble seeing
- ⚠Vertigo that lasts more than a few hours and does not improve
- ⚠Vertigo with a severe headache, especially if it comes on suddenly
- ⚠Sudden hearing loss or ringing in the ears
- ⚠Inability to walk or stand without falling
Common symptoms
- A spinning or turning sensation
- Loss of balance or feeling unsteady
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rapid, uncontrolled eye movements (nystagmus)
- Sweating
- Headache or mild earache
Symptoms in children
- May not be able to describe the feeling; instead, they might seem unsteady, cry, or hold their head still
- Vomiting without other signs of illness
- Refusing to move or walk
- Clutching furniture or walls for balance
Symptoms in older adults
- Higher risk of falls and fractures
- May feel faint or lightheaded in addition to spinning
- Difficulty getting up from a chair or bed
- More likely to have underlying conditions like BPPV (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo) or heart issues
Causes
Main causes
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) – tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear become dislodged
- Vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis – inflammation of the inner ear, often after a viral infection
- Ménière’s disease – a condition with fluid buildup in the inner ear causing vertigo, hearing loss, and ringing
- Migraine – some migraines cause vertigo even without a headache
- Head injury or neck problems
- Rarely, reduced blood flow to the brain or brainstem issues
Risk factors
- Age over 50
- Recent viral illness or ear infection
- Head injury or whiplash
- Certain medications (such as some antibiotics or diuretics) – ask your doctor about any risks
- Dehydration or stress
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have vertigo with any of the emergency symptoms listed above, call your local emergency number immediately
- If vertigo started after a head injury
- If you have hearing loss or severe headache with vertigo
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have mild vertigo that keeps coming back or lasts more than a day
- If vertigo affects your daily activities or makes you worried
- If you have not been diagnosed and want to know the cause
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms, any triggers, and your medical history. They may perform simple tests to check your balance and eye movements, such as the Dix-Hallpike test.
Tests that may be done
- Dix-Hallpike test – you lie down quickly with your head turned to one side; the doctor watches your eyes for nystagmus
- Hearing test (audiometry) to check for inner ear damage
- MRI or CT scan if a brain cause is suspected
- Videonystagmography (VNG) – you wear goggles that track your eye movements during various head positions
- Electronystagmography (ENG) – similar to VNG but uses electrodes around the eyes
What to expect at your appointment
The tests may briefly make your vertigo feel worse, but that helps the doctor pinpoint the cause. You will be supported throughout, and the dizziness usually settles quickly. The results help guide your treatment.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. For BPPV, a simple series of head movements (repositioning maneuvers) can often stop the vertigo. For other causes, medication, exercises, or lifestyle changes may help. Your doctor will create a plan that is right for you.
Self-care at home
- Avoid sudden head or body movements that bring on vertigo
- Sit or lie down as soon as you feel dizzy to prevent falls
- Use a walking stick or handrail if needed
- Get up slowly from lying or sitting to allow your balance to adjust
- Reduce bright lights, loud noises, and strong smells if they make symptoms worse
Medical treatments
Doctors may recommend medications to reduce nausea and dizziness, such as antihistamines or anticholinergics (these are general classes, not brand names). For inflammation, a short course of steroids may be used. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) is a specialized exercise program that trains your brain to compensate for inner ear problems. For Ménière’s disease, a low-salt diet and diuretics may help reduce fluid buildup.
When is surgery considered?
Rarely, surgery may be considered if vertigo is severe and does not respond to other treatments, such as for Ménière’s disease or if there is an anatomical problem. Examples include a shunt to drain fluid or cutting the nerve that sends balance signals to the brain.
Living with this condition
Plan your day with rest breaks. Avoid driving, operating machinery, or climbing ladders until you are sure the vertigo is under control. Keep essentials within easy reach at home. Let family and friends know so they can support you.
Lifestyle tips
- Get plenty of rest, especially after a vertigo episode
- Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco, as they can trigger symptoms
- Manage stress through relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation
- Keep a calm, quiet environment during attacks
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet helps overall health. If you have Ménière’s disease, your doctor may recommend reducing salt intake. Gentle exercises like walking, yoga, or tai chi can improve balance and confidence. Start slowly and stop if symptoms worsen.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with vertigo can be stressful and cause anxiety or fear of falling. It may also affect your mood and social life. It is important to talk to your doctor or a mental health professional if you feel overwhelmed. You are not alone.
Prevention
Not all types of vertigo can be prevented, but you can reduce your risk by staying hydrated, managing stress, and protecting your head from injury. Treating ear infections promptly may also help.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening for vertigo, but regular check-ups can help detect conditions that might lead to vertigo, such as high blood pressure or diabetes.
Complications
If left untreated
- Falls and injuries, especially in older adults
- Chronic balance problems that affect daily life
- Anxiety, depression, or fear of leaving the house
- Rarely, missed diagnosis of a serious condition like stroke or a brain tumor
Long-term outlook
Most people with vertigo recover fully, especially when the cause is BPPV or a viral infection. With the right treatment, even long-term conditions like Ménière’s disease can be managed well. Many people return to all their normal activities. Stay in touch with your healthcare team for the best outcome.
Find support
International organisations
- Vestibular Disorders Association (VeDA) ↗
- American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery ↗
Local organisations
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.