12159 Birthmarks

Overview

A birthmark is a mark on the skin that is present at birth or appears soon after. It is not caused by anything you or your child did during pregnancy. Most birthmarks are harmless, and many fade naturally over time.

Yes. Birthmarks are very common, affecting many newborns and young children. They are not rare.

Birthmarks can affect anyone, regardless of gender or ethnicity. Some types are more noticeable at birth, while others appear within the first weeks of life.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Flat or slightly raised patches of skin with an unusual colour, such as red, pink, brown, or blue-grey.
• Marks that may stay the same or change slowly as a person grows.
• Some birthmarks may feel smooth, while others may be slightly lumpy or bumpy.

Symptoms in children

• Many birthmarks are visible at birth or in the first few weeks.
• Some red birthmarks, like 'strawberry marks', can grow quickly before fading on their own.
• Let your doctor or child health nurse know about any new or changing marks.

Symptoms in older adults

• Birthmarks that have stayed the same for years can change with ageing.
• Ageing skin may make some marks more noticeable, but most remain harmless.
• Keep an eye on any birthmark that changes shape, colour, or size.

Causes

Main causes

• Vascular birthmarks are caused by an abnormal collection of blood vessels in the skin.
• Pigmented birthmarks are caused by an overgrowth or grouping of colour-producing skin cells (melanocytes).
• The exact reason this happens is not fully understood, and it is not caused by anything the mother does during pregnancy.

Risk factors

• Some types of birthmarks may be more common in certain families, but most occur at random.
• Premature or low-birth-weight babies have a slightly higher chance of some vascular birthmarks.
• There is no proven way to predict or prevent birthmarks.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• See a doctor promptly if a birthmark starts changing quickly or becomes painful.
• Seek urgent advice if a birthmark breaks open, bleeds, or shows signs of infection (redness, swelling, warmth).

Book a routine appointment if:

• You can ask a GP or child health nurse about any birthmark during a routine appointment.
• If you are concerned about the appearance of a birthmark, or it is affecting your child's confidence, ask for a referral to a skin specialist.

Diagnosis

In most cases, a healthcare professional can diagnose a birthmark by looking at it. They will ask about when it appeared, whether it has changed, and your medical history.

Tests that may be done

• Usually no tests are needed.
• Sometimes a doctor may use a handheld magnifying instrument (dermatoscope) to look more closely.
• If there is any doubt about the type or cause, a specialist may recommend an ultrasound or a small skin sample (biopsy).

What to expect at your appointment

A GP or nurse will explain what type of birthmark you or your child has, whether it is likely to change, and whether any follow-up is recommended. If urgent, they will guide you to the right specialist.

Treatment

Treatment is only needed if a birthmark causes symptoms, interferes with body functions (such as vision or breathing), or causes significant emotional distress. Many birthmarks are best left alone.

Self-care at home

• Protect exposed birthmarks with sunscreen and clothing to reduce sun sensitivity.
• Keep the skin moisturised if the birthmark becomes dry or irritated.
• Avoid picking, scratching, or rubbing the birthmark, as this can cause injury or bleeding.

Medical treatments

In some situations, specialists may offer treatment options such as laser therapy, prescription creams or gels, oral medications (taken by mouth), or other procedures. The choice of treatment depends on the type and location of the birthmark and its likely natural course. Any treatment plan will be fully explained by your healthcare team.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for birthmarks. It may be considered for very large birthmarks, those that cause functional problems, or those with an increased risk of complications. A specialist will discuss the benefits and risks with you before any decision is made.

Living with this condition

For most people, a birthmark is simply part of their skin's natural appearance. You can live a full and active life without special restrictions.

Lifestyle tips

• Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen to exposed birthmarks, especially during sunny weather.
• Avoid tanning beds and excessive sun exposure.
• Check existing birthmarks from time to time for any obvious changes.

Diet and exercise

There is no special diet or exercise required for a birthmark. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables and staying physically active helps keep your whole body healthy.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Some people may feel self-conscious or anxious about visible birthmarks. These feelings are understandable. Talking to family, friends, or a professional counsellor can help. You deserve kindness, and support is available.

Prevention

No. Birthmarks cannot be prevented. They are not caused by anything you did or did not do during pregnancy. The most helpful step is to be aware of any changes and seek advice if you are concerned.

Complications

If left untreated

• Most birthmarks cause no complications and need no treatment.
• In rare cases, certain vascular birthmarks may bleed, ulcerate, or interfere with vision or breathing if not managed.
• Very large congenital pigmented moles have a slightly increased risk of skin cancer developing later in life, so monitoring is recommended.

Long-term outlook

For the vast majority of people, the outlook is excellent. Many birthmarks fade with time, and those that persist are usually harmless. Modern treatments are effective and safe when they are needed. You and your healthcare team can decide together what is best for you or your child.

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