14165 Sebaceous Cysts

Overview

A sebaceous cyst is a small, slow-growing lump under the skin filled with a soft, oily substance. It usually happens when an oil gland (or hair follicle) becomes blocked. Most sebaceous cysts are harmless, but they can sometimes become sore or infected.

Yes, sebaceous cysts are very common. Many people will develop at least one during their lifetime.

Sebaceous cysts can occur at any age, but they are most often seen in adults after puberty. They are slightly more common in men, and some people may have a family tendency to develop them.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• A smooth, round bump under the skin
• The lump moves slightly when you press on it
• A small, dark, or pin-like opening on the surface of the skin
• Usually painless, but it may feel tender if pressed
• A thick, white, or yellowish substance if the cyst drains

Symptoms in children

• Sebaceous cysts are less common in children but can occur.
• They usually appear as a soft, small lump under the skin.
• They are generally harmless, but a doctor should check any new lump in a child.

Symptoms in older adults

• The skin becomes thinner and drier with age, so cysts may feel firmer.
• Older adults may have fragile skin, so cysts can become irritated or infected more easily.
• It is important to have new or changing lumps checked by a doctor.

Causes

Main causes

• A blocked oil gland in the skin
• A damaged hair follicle, sometimes from minor injury or friction
• Accumulation of a protein called keratin under the skin
• A family tendency to develop cysts

Risk factors

• Oily or acne-prone skin
• Past skin injuries, like scratches or surgical wounds
• Repeated friction from tight clothing or equipment
• Hormonal changes, such as those during puberty

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Signs of infection develop, such as redness, warmth, swelling, or pain
• The cyst starts draining pus or a foul-smelling fluid
• You notice a sudden, rapid increase in size

Book a routine appointment if:

• The cyst is bothersome or affects your daily activities
• It is in a place where it keeps getting irritated, like around a bra strap or collar
• You are concerned about how it looks
• You want to discuss removal options

Diagnosis

A doctor can usually diagnose a sebaceous cyst by looking at it and feeling it. They will ask about your symptoms, how long you have had the lump, and whether it has changed over time.

Tests that may be done

• In most cases, no tests are needed.
• If the lump looks unusual, a doctor may recommend a skin ultrasound to see its structure.
• Very rarely, a small sample (biopsy) may be taken to confirm the diagnosis.

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will examine the size, texture, and movement of the lump. They will also check the surrounding skin for signs of infection. You will have time to ask questions and discuss next steps.

Treatment

Most sebaceous cysts do not need treatment. If a cyst is unsightly, painful, or keeps getting infected, a healthcare provider can offer a simple procedure to remove it.

Self-care at home

• Keep the area clean with mild soap and water.
• Do not squeeze, poke, or try to pop the cyst yourself.
• If the area feels tender, you can apply a clean, warm, damp cloth for a few minutes.
• Watch for changes in size, colour, or comfort, and seek advice if you are concerned.

Medical treatments

A healthcare provider may drain the cyst to relieve pressure, but the cyst wall must be removed to prevent it from coming back. If there is an infection, they may prescribe an antibiotic. Removal is usually done under local anaesthetic, meaning the area is numbed so you do not feel pain.

When is surgery considered?

Surgical removal (excision) may be recommended if the cyst is large, painful, infected repeatedly, growing, or if you want it removed for cosmetic reasons.

Living with this condition

For most people, a sebaceous cyst causes no problems and can be completely ignored. It is a good idea to note its size and check it occasionally. If it bothers you, talk to a doctor about removal options.

Lifestyle tips

• Avoid tight clothing or jewellery that rubs the area.
• Use gentle skincare products and avoid heavy oils on the skin.
• Do not pick at or scratch the cyst, as this can cause infection.
• Keep the area moisturized with a simple, fragrance-free lotion if the skin feels dry.

Diet and exercise

There is no special diet that prevents sebaceous cysts, but eating a balanced diet and staying physically active helps keep your skin and body healthy.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Having a visible cyst can sometimes cause embarrassment or anxiety, especially if it is on the face or neck. These feelings are normal. Speaking with a healthcare provider about removal can help ease concerns, and many people feel better once they understand the cyst is harmless.

Prevention

It is not always possible to prevent sebaceous cysts because they often happen for no clear reason. You may be able to reduce your risk by keeping your skin clean, avoiding heavy oil-based products, and protecting your skin from repeated friction or injury.

Complications

If left untreated

• The cyst can become infected, causing redness, pain, and pus.
• It may rupture under the skin, which can lead to inflammation and swelling.
• There may be a scar after a cyst heals or is removed.
• Very rarely, a growing cyst can press on nearby structures and cause discomfort.

Long-term outlook

Sebaceous cysts are almost always benign, meaning they are not cancer. They often stay small and cause no problems. If you choose to have one removed, the success rate is very high and the outlook is excellent.

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