14905 Rrms Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Overview

MS is a condition where the immune system attacks the protective cover around nerves in the brain and spinal cord. In relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), people have clear flare-ups of symptoms, followed by periods of recovery (remission) when symptoms may fade or disappear.

MS is fairly common. It is estimated that more than 2.8 million people live with MS worldwide, and about 85% of them are first diagnosed with RRMS.

RRMS usually starts in young adulthood, often between ages 20 and 40. It affects two to three times more women than men.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Numbness or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
• Visual disturbances such as blurred or double vision
• Fatigue that is not relieved by rest
• Difficulty walking or balance problems
• Muscle weakness or stiffness
• Problems with memory or concentration
• Bladder or bowel issues

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause of MS is not known. It likely involves the immune system mistakenly attacking myelin, the protective coating around nerve fibres.
• There may be a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger the disease.

Risk factors

• Family history of MS (a close relative with MS increases risk modestly)
• Living farther from the equator or having low vitamin D levels
• Smoking
• Certain viral infections (like the Epstein-Barr virus) that have been linked to MS risk
• Gender – women are more likely to develop RRMS

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Contact your healthcare provider or call your local health service if you experience new, severe symptoms like rapid vision loss, severe weakness, or sudden difficulty walking.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have ongoing symptoms that come and go, such as numbness, fatigue, or balance problems, make an appointment to discuss them with your doctor.

Diagnosis

There is no single test for RRMS. A doctor—usually a neurologist (a brain and nerve specialist)—will review your medical history, do a neurological examination, and arrange tests to rule out other causes and look for signs of MS.

Tests that may be done

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine to detect areas of damage (lesions)
• A lumbar puncture (sometimes called a spinal tap) to examine spinal fluid for immune system changes
• Evoked potential tests to measure how quickly the brain receives visual or sensory signals
• Blood tests to rule out other conditions that can mimic MS

What to expect at your appointment

The diagnosis process may take a few months. Your doctor will explain the results and, if MS is confirmed, discuss how to manage the condition and what the next steps are. You will not be left alone to manage it.

Treatment

Treatment for RRMS has two main goals: to reduce relapses and to manage symptoms. Your healthcare team will create a personal plan based on your symptoms, disease activity, and lifestyle.

Self-care at home

• Rest when you feel fatigued and try to pace your energy throughout the day
• Stay as physically active as you can, with movements that feel safe for you
• Drink plenty of fluids and eat a balanced diet
• Take steps to avoid infections, which can trigger relapses in some people

Medical treatments

Medicines called disease-modifying therapies can lower the number and severity of relapses and slow the build-up of disability. There are several types of these treatments, given as injections, infusions, or pills. Your neurologist will talk with you about which one may be right for you. Other medicines can help with specific symptoms like fatigue, pain, bladder problems, or stiffness, but they are always prescribed individually. Your doctor will decide with you, taking into account your health and preferences.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a standard treatment for RRMS. If you have complications such as severe spasticity or bladder issues that do not respond to other treatments, a specialist may consider other procedures, but this is rare.

Living with this condition

Living with RRMS means learning to listen to your body. Relapses can come without warning, so it helps to have a plan for rest, work, and daily activities. Many people manage well with support and adapt their routines during relapses.

Lifestyle tips

• Build a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals
• Keep a symptom diary to track what helps and what makes symptoms worse
• Talk to your employer about flexible adjustments if needed
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol, as these can worsen symptoms

Diet and exercise

There is no special diet that cures MS, but a healthy, balanced diet—like lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein—supports overall well-being. Gentle exercise such as walking, stretching, swimming, or yoga can improve your mood, strength, and energy levels, but always check with your physiotherapist or doctor before starting a new activity.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

RRMS can affect how you feel emotionally. Depression and anxiety are more common in people with MS, partly because of the condition itself and partly because of the stress of living with it. It is important to talk openly with your doctor about your feelings. Support groups and counselling can be highly beneficial, too.

Prevention

RRMS cannot currently be prevented. However, you can reduce the chance of relapses by taking your prescribed treatment, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and avoiding known triggers like smoking and severe infections.

Vaccines

Vaccines do not cause MS and are generally recommended. However, some MS medications may change how your immune system responds to vaccines, so speak with your healthcare team before getting any immunisation.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening programme for MS. If you notice possible symptoms, see a doctor promptly rather than waiting.

Complications

If left untreated

• Without treatment, RRMS may lead to more frequent relapses and a higher chance of remaining symptoms between attacks.
• Over time, people may develop permanent disability affecting walking, bowel or bladder control, and cognitive function.

Long-term outlook

RRMS is different for everyone. Many people continue to work, raise families, and live active lives for decades. Treatments introduced early are linked to better long-term outcomes. With your care team beside you, you can plan a full and meaningful life.

Find support

International organisations

• MS International Federation ↗

Local organisations

• MS Society UK ↗ · United Kingdom

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