16940 Dry Skin

Overview

Dry skin is a common condition where the outer layer of skin loses water and natural oils. It can make your skin feel tight, rough, flaky, or itchy. Dry skin is usually not serious and can often be managed with simple self-care.

Yes. Dry skin is very common, especially during the winter months or in dry climates. Most people will experience dry skin at some point in their lives.

Dry skin can affect people of all ages, but it becomes more common as we get older because our skin produces less oil. It also affects people with a history of eczema, allergies, or asthma more often.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Tight or rough feeling skin
• Flaking or peeling
• Fine lines or cracks
• Itching
• Dull or greyish appearance
• Redness or irritation

Symptoms in children

• Dry patches on the face, especially the cheeks
• Itchy patches behind the knees or inside the elbows
• Cradle cap in babies (dry, flaky scalp)
• Irritability or scratching during sleep

Symptoms in older adults

• Very dry skin on the shins and lower legs
• Aching or itchy skin with less awareness of pain
• Bleeding or cracked skin, especially around the heels
• Increased risk of skin infections because of fragile skin

Causes

Main causes

• Loss of water from the skin due to dry air, cold weather, or indoor heating
• Hot showers or baths that strip natural oils
• Using harsh soaps, detergents, or alcohol-based products
• Ageing, which reduces oil production in the skin
• Underlying conditions like eczema, psoriasis, or thyroid disease

Risk factors

• Living in a low-humidity or very cold climate
• Working in jobs that require frequent hand washing or contact with chemicals
• Having a family history of eczema or allergies
• Being over the age of 60
• Taking certain medicines (such as diuretics or some acne treatments) that can dry the skin

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have signs of a skin infection, such as pus, red streaks, or sudden spreading redness
• If the skin cracks deeply and bleeding, and you have diabetes or a weak immune system

Book a routine appointment if:

• If dry skin does not improve with regular moisturising and gentle care after 2 weeks
• If it interferes with your sleep, work, or daily life
• If you have other symptoms like weight loss, fatigue, or feeling cold all the time

Diagnosis

A doctor can usually diagnose dry skin by looking at your skin and asking about your symptoms, your daily routine, and your medical history. No special tests are needed in most cases.

Tests that may be done

• Skin examination by a doctor
• Allergy testing (if an allergy is suspected)
• Blood tests (only if another condition like thyroid disease is suspected)

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will ask you about when the dryness started, what makes it better or worse, and whether you have any other symptoms. They may also check for signs of eczema, psoriasis, or infection.

Treatment

Treatment for dry skin is mostly about restoring and keeping moisture in the skin. The main approach is regular use of moisturisers and changing habits that strip oils. If there is an underlying cause, treating that will also help.

Self-care at home

• Apply a thick moisturiser or emollient to damp skin within a few minutes of bathing
• Take lukewarm showers or baths for no more than 10 minutes
• Use gentle, fragrance-free cleansers instead of harsh soap
• Pat skin dry with a towel rather than rubbing
• Drink enough water to stay hydrated
• Protect skin from cold and wind with clothing and gloves

Medical treatments

For stubborn or severe dry skin, doctors may prescribe stronger moisturisers or emollients. They may also recommend anti-inflammatory creams or ointments to reduce redness and itch. For people with an underlying condition such as eczema or psoriasis, there are prescription treatments that help control flare-ups. Always ask your healthcare provider about treatment options that are right for you.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not used to treat dry skin. Surgery may be needed only if a skin infection causes an abscess, which is rare.

Living with this condition

Make moisturising a daily habit, like brushing your teeth. Keep a moisturiser next to the sink and in your bag. Be gentle with your skin, and avoid long hot showers.

Lifestyle tips

• Use a humidifier in dry rooms, especially the bedroom
• Wear soft, breathable fabrics like cotton rather than wool or nylon
• Wear gloves when doing household cleaning or washing up
• Avoid sitting too close to heaters or fires

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet with healthy fats, such as those in fish, nuts, and olive oil, may support skin health. Drinking enough water helps keep your body hydrated, though there is no evidence that drinking extra water alone cures dry skin. Regular exercise is good for circulation, but shower off quickly afterwards and moisturise.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Dry skin can be uncomfortable and embarrassing, especially if it is very visible. Severe itching can disrupt sleep and cause stress or anxiety. It is normal to feel frustrated. Talking to a healthcare professional can help you find ways to manage both the skin and how you feel.

Prevention

You can reduce the chances of getting dry skin by keeping your skin moisturised, avoiding harsh soaps, and protecting your skin from extreme weather. If you have an underlying condition, following your treatment plan can help prevent flare-ups.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for dry skin. However, keeping up to date with your usual vaccines, such as the flu vaccine, is generally good for overall health.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for dry skin. If you notice any unusual changes in your skin, such as a new growth or a sore that does not heal, see a doctor for a skin check.

Complications

If left untreated

• Cracks in the skin can deepen and become painful
• Scratching can cause open sores and increase the risk of bacterial infection
• Chronic itching and discomfort can impact sleep and quality of life
• Dry skin can make other skin conditions, like eczema, more difficult to control

Long-term outlook

For most people, dry skin improves with simple changes and consistent moisturising. Even when there is an underlying cause, many people can manage their symptoms and keep their skin comfortable. With the right care, most cases of dry skin can be well controlled.

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