17101 Hip Fracture

Overview

A hip fracture is a break in the upper part of the thigh bone (femur), near the hip joint. It is a serious injury that usually happens after a fall, especially in people with weaker bones.

Yes, hip fractures are common, particularly in older adults. The risk increases with age and with conditions that weaken bones, such as osteoporosis.

Hip fractures most often affect people over 65, and women more than men. They are also more likely in people with low bone density, balance problems, or vision issues.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Severe pain in the hip, groin, or upper thigh
• Inability to stand or put weight on the affected leg
• Bruising or swelling around the hip area
• The leg on the affected side may look shorter or turn outward

Symptoms in children

• Hip fractures in children are uncommon but can happen after a fall or trauma. Look for severe pain, inability to walk, or holding the leg still, and get medical help immediately if you suspect one.

Symptoms in older adults

• The symptoms are the same as in adults, but an older person may not always feel sharp pain clearly.
• Sudden confusion or being unable to get up after a fall can be a warning sign of a hip fracture.
• If an older adult falls and cannot bear weight, treat it as a possible hip fracture until proven otherwise.

Causes

Main causes

• A fall, especially from standing height or higher
• Weak bones from osteoporosis or low bone density
• A direct blow to the hip, such as a car accident

Risk factors

• Age over 65
• Being female
• Osteoporosis or low bone density
• Poor balance and weak leg muscles
• Problems with vision
• Vitamin D or calcium deficiency
• Medicines that make you dizzy or drowsy

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you or someone else falls and has severe hip pain, cannot stand, or the leg looks misshapen, call your local emergency number immediately.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have ongoing hip pain without a fall, or have concerns about your bone health, make an appointment with your doctor.

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about the injury and symptoms, examine your hip and leg, and order imaging tests to confirm the break.

Tests that may be done

• X-rays are the most common first test to see a hip fracture.
• A CT scan may be used if the X-ray is unclear or more detail is needed.
• An MRI can show hidden fractures or damage to soft tissues.

What to expect at your appointment

You will likely be taken to an emergency department, where the team will assess you, arrange pain relief, and perform imaging. You may be admitted to the hospital while deciding the best treatment.

Treatment

Treatment for a hip fracture usually involves surgery to stabilise the bone or replace part of the hip, followed by pain management and physical therapy to help you recover.

Self-care at home

• Before surgery, keep still and avoid putting weight on the leg.
• Use ice wrapped in a cloth to reduce swelling — never place ice directly on the skin.
• Ask for help with moving, washing, and going to the toilet while you are in hospital.

Medical treatments

While in hospital, you may be given pain relievers and medicines to reduce the risk of blood clots. Surgery is usually needed to secure the broken bone with screws or pins, or to replace part or all of the hip joint. Your surgical team will choose the method best suited to your health and fracture pattern.

When is surgery considered?

Most hip fractures are treated with surgery, usually within one to two days of the injury. Early surgery helps control pain and lowers the risk of complications from bed rest.

Living with this condition

Your daily routine will change during recovery. You will need a walking frame or crutches for a while. Your home may need simple changes, such as hand rails and raised seats, to keep you safe.

Lifestyle tips

• Go to all your physical therapy sessions — they are essential for regaining strength and balance.
• Move as much as your care team allows to help prevent blood clots and pressure sores.
• Keep the skin clean and dry, especially if you need help moving.
• Avoid sitting or lying still for long periods once you are awake and able to move.

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, such as milk, yogurt, and leafy green vegetables. Follow the exercise plan your physiotherapist gives you to rebuild your muscles and balance over time.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A hip fracture can be a scary, life-changing event. You may feel anxious, low, or frustrated during recovery. This is normal and understandable. Talk to your care team and family about how you feel. If you are struggling with your mental health, reach out for help — your doctor or local health service can point you to counselling or support groups.

Prevention

You cannot prevent every hip fracture, but you can lower your risk. Keeping your bones strong, improving your balance, and making your home safer all help reduce falls.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for hip fracture. But staying up to date with recommended vaccines, such as flu and pneumonia vaccines, can help protect you from illnesses that may cause weakness and falls.

Screening programmes

A bone density scan can check for osteoporosis. Your doctor may recommend one if you are over 65, have broken a bone before, or have risk factors for weak bones.

Complications

If left untreated

• Ongoing severe pain and inability to move
• Blood clots in the legs or lungs
• Pneumonia because of long bed rest
• Pressure sores (bedsores)
• Loss of independence and long-term disability

Long-term outlook

A hip fracture is serious, but most people recover well with prompt surgery and ongoing rehabilitation. It takes time and effort, but many people regain the ability to walk and return home. Your healthcare team will help you every step of the way.

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