17480 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that starts in the flat squamous cells found in the top layer of the skin. It usually develops on areas of skin that have had a lot of sun exposure, such as the face, ears, lips, and hands. It often grows slowly and, when found and treated early, it is very treatable.
Key facts
- It is the second most common type of skin cancer.
- It often looks like a scaly patch, a firm red bump, or a sore that does not heal.
- Most cases are caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or sunbeds.
Yes. It is one of the most common types of skin cancer, especially in older people and in countries with high sun exposure.
It can affect anyone, but it is much more common in people with fair skin, a history of sunburn, people who spend a lot of time outdoors, and people with weakened immune systems. Men and people over 60 are also more likely to develop it.
Symptoms
- Sudden heavy bleeding from a skin lesion that does not stop after 10 minutes of firm pressure
- Signs of a severe infection spreading from a sore, such as high fever, confusion, or a rapidly enlarging red, hot, painful area
- ⚠A skin lesion that is bleeding and will not stop with gentle pressure
- ⚠A lesion that becomes increasingly painful, swollen, or shows signs of infection such as pus, warmth, or spreading redness
- ⚠A growth that changes dramatically in size or shape over a few weeks
Common symptoms
- A firm, red, raised bump with a rough or crusty surface
- A flat sore or patch of skin that scales, crusts, or bleeds
- A sore that does not heal or repeatedly opens and scabs
- A wart-like growth that sometimes has a sunken centre
- A rough, red or brownish patch on sun-damaged skin
Symptoms in children
- Very rare in children, but it can occur in those with certain genetic conditions or a weakened immune system
- The most common sign is an unusual sore or growth that does not heal
Symptoms in older adults
- Slow-growing scaly or crusty patches on the face, ears, scalp, and backs of the hands
- A non-healing sore that may bleed easily when knocked
Causes
Main causes
- Long-term exposure to UV radiation from sunlight or sunbeds
- Accumulated sun damage to skin cells over many years
- Less commonly, chronic wounds, burns, scars, or long-standing skin inflammation
Risk factors
- Fair skin, light-coloured eyes, or light hair
- A history of sunburns, especially as a child
- Age over 60
- Living in sunny climates or spending long hours outdoors
- Weakened immune system, for example after an organ transplant or due to certain medicines
- Previous skin cancer or pre-cancerous skin growths
- Exposure to arsenic or certain industrial chemicals
- Smoking, which increases the risk of lip cancer
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Any sore, scaly patch, or bump that has not healed after four weeks
- Any skin growth that is growing, changing, or bleeding
- A firm, red lump that is tender and bleeds easily
Book a routine appointment if:
- At your regular health check-ups, ask your GP if you are unsure about a spot
- Consider a yearly skin check if you have had skin cancer before or have very high-risk skin
Diagnosis
A doctor can usually tell whether a skin lesion is suspicious by looking at it closely. To confirm the diagnosis, they will remove a small sample of tissue, called a biopsy, and send it to a laboratory to be examined under a microscope.
Tests that may be done
- Physical examination by a GP or dermatologist
- Dermatoscopy, which uses a special magnifying lens to see the skin in detail
- Skin biopsy, which removes a small sample under local anaesthetic
- Rarely, an imaging scan such as CT or MRI if the doctor suspects spread
What to expect at your appointment
The doctor will ask how long the spot has been there and whether it has changed. A biopsy feels like a small pinch and takes only a few minutes. Results are usually ready within a couple of weeks. If the biopsy confirms cancer, your doctor will talk you through the options and what happens next.
Treatment
Treatment for SCC depends on its size, depth, and location, as well as your general health. The most effective approach is to remove the cancer completely. Most people are treated successfully and do not need to stay in hospital.
Self-care at home
- Keep any sore area clean and dry until you see a doctor
- Protect the area from the sun and avoid further sun exposure whenever possible
- Take a clear photo of the spot so you can notice any changes
- Do not scratch, pick, or try to remove a crusty or scaly patch at home
Medical treatments
Medical treatments may include surgical removal of the cancer, freezing the lesion, scraping and burning the base with a small electric current, or radiotherapy. Some very superficial skin lesions may be treated with a prescription cream or light therapy. A dermatologist will recommend the safest and most appropriate option for your situation.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is the most common treatment for SCC. The area is numbed, the cancer is cut out, and a small rim of healthy-looking skin is removed to reduce the chance of it returning. The wound is then closed with stitches or, in some cases, a skin graft.
Living with this condition
After treatment, keep the wound clean and follow any dressing instructions. You may be left with a scar. Most people can return to normal activities within a few days, but you should avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity if your wound is in an area affected by movement.
Lifestyle tips
- Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 every day, even when it is cloudy
- Wear a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and protective clothing when outdoors
- Avoid sunbeds and intense sun exposure
- Check your skin once a month for new or changing spots
Diet and exercise
Eating a balanced diet rich in fruit and vegetables and staying active can help your body recover and support your general wellbeing. There is no specific diet that treats skin cancer, but a healthy lifestyle is always a good idea.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Being told you have skin cancer can feel worrying. You might worry about scarring, the cancer coming back, or your health in general. It is normal to feel anxious. Speak to your GP if you need support – you do not have to cope alone.
Prevention
You cannot completely eliminate the risk, but you can greatly reduce it by avoiding sunburn, protecting your skin from UV light, and not using sunbeds. Checking your skin regularly means you are more likely to spot any suspicious changes early.
Vaccines
There is currently no vaccine to prevent squamous cell carcinoma. The best prevention is sun protection and regular skin checks.
Screening programmes
There is no national screening programme for SCC. Instead, doctors recommend that you know your skin, check it regularly, and mention any changing or non-healing spots during health consultations.
Complications
If left untreated
- The cancer may grow deeper into the skin and damage nearby structures such as cartilage, muscle, or bone
- It may spread to nearby lymph nodes
- In a small number of cases, it can spread to distant organs, which makes treatment more complex
Long-term outlook
The outlook for SCC is very good. Most cases are cured with simple surgery, and the chance of it spreading is low. After treatment, you will be given regular follow-up appointments to monitor the area and check for any new skin cancers.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.