17703 Norovirus

Overview

Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, leading to sudden vomiting and diarrhoea. It is sometimes called the 'winter vomiting bug' because it is more common in winter, but it can happen at any time of the year.

Yes. Norovirus is very common. Most people will have it at least once in their lifetime. Outbreaks often happen in places where people are in close contact, such as schools, cruise ships, care homes and hospitals.

Anyone can get norovirus, but it is especially common in children under 5 and older adults. People with weakened immune systems may also be more likely to get it and take longer to recover.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Sudden nausea (feeling sick)
• Vomiting (being sick)
• Watery diarrhoea
• Stomach cramps
• A slightly high temperature
• Headache and body aches

Symptoms in children

• Same symptoms as adults, but children may become dehydrated more quickly.
• They may be fussy, sleepy, or have a dry mouth and fewer wet nappies.

Symptoms in older adults

• More likely to become dehydrated, especially if they already have other health conditions.
• Symptoms may last a bit longer, and they may feel weak or dizzy.

Causes

Main causes

• Touching surfaces or objects that have the virus on them and then touching your mouth
• Eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with the virus
• Having close contact with someone who is infected, such as sharing food or utensils
• Norovirus is very hardy and can survive on surfaces for a long time.

Risk factors

• Being in crowded places like schools, nurseries, cruise ships, or care homes
• Having close contact with someone who is ill
• Having a weakened immune system
• Being a child, older adult, or pregnant

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you are unable to keep fluids down for more than 24 hours
• If you see blood in your vomit or stool
• If you have severe stomach pain, a high fever, or a severe headache
• If you become confused or very drowsy

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your symptoms last longer than a week
• If you have a health condition that makes you more vulnerable to dehydration
• If you are caring for a young child or older adult who is not improving

Diagnosis

Doctors usually diagnose norovirus based on your symptoms and medical history. You usually don't need any tests. A stool sample may be sent to a lab if there is an outbreak, or if you have a weakened immune system and doctors want to confirm the cause.

Tests that may be done

• Stool sample
• Blood tests (in some cases to check for dehydration or other causes)

What to expect at your appointment

During a consultation, your doctor will ask about your symptoms, how long you have had them, and whether you've been in contact with anyone who has norovirus. They may press gently on your tummy to check for tenderness. No special preparation is needed.

Treatment

There is no specific medicine to treat norovirus. Because it is a virus, antibiotics do not help. The main treatment is to let the virus run its course while preventing dehydration and controlling symptoms.

Self-care at home

• Drink plenty of fluids, like water, clear soups, or an oral rehydration solution (available at your pharmacy) to replace lost fluids and minerals. Do not use any specific brand without asking a pharmacist.
• Rest as much as you can.
• Eat small, plain foods like toast, rice, or bananas when you feel ready.
• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before eating.
• Stay home from work, school, or nursery until you have not been sick or had diarrhoea for at least 48 hours, to avoid passing it on.

Medical treatments

In some cases, especially for young children, older adults, or those with severe dehydration, a doctor may recommend rehydration fluids given in a clinic or hospital. Vomiting and diarrhoea can also be managed with supportive care. No antiviral medicine is available.

Living with this condition

Most people recover from norovirus within a few days. During that time, it's important to rest, stay close to a bathroom, and avoid preparing food for others. You may feel tired for a few days after symptoms stop – that's normal.

Lifestyle tips

• Wash your hands with soap and water regularly, especially after the toilet and before eating or preparing food.
• Clean and disinfect surfaces, especially in the bathroom and kitchen, using a bleach-based cleaner.
• Wash any clothing or bedding that could be contaminated with hot water.
• Avoid sharing towels, flannels, or cutlery while you are ill.

Diet and exercise

When you feel like eating, start with small, bland meals. Avoid spicy, fatty, or very sugary foods until your stomach settles. You can gently return to your normal activities once you feel better, but don't overdo it – your energy levels may take a few days to recover.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Feeling sick and stuck at home can be frustrating and isolating, especially if you miss work or social plans. It's normal to feel low for a few days. Talking to friends or family by phone can help. If you are feeling very anxious or low after your illness, consider speaking to your GP.

Prevention

Norovirus can't always be prevented because it spreads so easily, but hand washing with soap and water is the most effective way to reduce your risk. Alcohol hand gels do not kill norovirus well, so soap and water is always better.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for norovirus.

Complications

If left untreated

• Dehydration, which can be severe, especially in young children, older adults, and people with chronic health conditions
• Electrolyte imbalance (loss of minerals the body needs)
• In rare cases, kidney injury or other complications from severe dehydration

Long-term outlook

For the vast majority of people, norovirus is an unpleasant but short-lived illness. With rest and fluids, you should feel back to normal within a few days. If you are in a high-risk group, seeking medical advice early can prevent serious dehydration. It is entirely possible to make a full recovery without long-term effects.

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