17745 Bone Cancer
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Bone cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the cells of a bone. It is different from cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body. Primary bone cancer can affect any bone, but it most often starts in the long bones of the arms or legs.
Key facts
- Bone cancer is rare in adults but is more common in children and young people.
- The most common symptom is persistent bone pain that gets worse over time.
- Treatment often involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
No. Primary bone cancer (cancer that starts in the bone) is uncommon. Most bone tumors are not cancer. Some types are more common in teenagers and young adults, while others are seen in older adults.
Bone cancer can affect anyone. Some types, like osteosarcoma, are most common in children and young people under 20. Other types, like chondrosarcoma, happen more often in people over 40. Men and women can both get it.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe bone pain that makes it impossible to move the limb
- A bone that breaks with very little or no injury
- Numbness or weakness below the painful area, which could mean nerve involvement
- ⚠Pain in a bone that continues for more than a few weeks, especially at night
- ⚠A growing or changing lump or swelling on a bone
- ⚠Unexplained limp or difficulty using a limb
Common symptoms
- Bone pain that is persistent, dull, or aching, and may be worse at night
- Swelling or a lump over the affected bone
- Stiffness or difficulty moving a joint near the bone
- A bone that breaks more easily than expected
Symptoms in children
- Limping if the leg is affected
- Difficulty using an arm or catching objects
- Unexplained pain in a limb that does not go away
- Swelling or a noticeable mass over the bone
Symptoms in older adults
- Pain that may be mistaken for arthritis or a muscle strain
- Swelling that develops slowly over time
- Limited movement of a joint like the shoulder or knee
- Bone pain that becomes more constant and does not ease with rest
Causes
Main causes
- In most cases, the exact cause of bone cancer is not known.
- Bone cancer happens when bone cells grow out of control and form a tumor.
- It is not contagious and is not typically inherited from parents.
Risk factors
- Previous radiation therapy for another cancer
- Certain inherited conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- Paget's disease of bone, especially in older adults
- Being younger than 20 for some types of bone cancer
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have persistent bone pain that is not getting better, see a healthcare provider within a week.
- If the pain is severe or you feel a lump over a bone, make an urgent appointment.
Book a routine appointment if:
- Mention any bone pain during your regular medical check-up.
- Bring up any side effects from previous cancer treatment that involved radiation.
Diagnosis
To find out if your symptoms are due to bone cancer, a doctor will begin by taking your medical history and examining the area. They may also order imaging tests and sometimes a biopsy (a small sample of tissue) to confirm the diagnosis.
Tests that may be done
- X-ray of the painful bone to look for abnormal areas
- MRI scan to get a detailed picture of the bone and surrounding tissue
- CT scan to check if the cancer has spread
- Bone biopsy, where a tiny piece of the tumor is removed and studied under a microscope
What to expect at your appointment
If a doctor suspects bone cancer, you will be referred to a specialist team. You may need to wait for test results, which can be an anxious time. The team will explain the results and discuss the next steps with you clearly.
Treatment
Treatment for bone cancer depends on the type, size, location, and whether it has spread. Most people receive a combination of treatments. The plan is personal to you and will be explained by your cancer care team.
Self-care at home
- Keep a symptom diary to talk about your pain levels with your provider
- Ask for help with daily tasks when fatigue or pain makes things hard
- Try gentle stretching or movement if it is comfortable, and check with your team first
Medical treatments
Medical treatment may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy (medicine that kills cancer cells), and radiation therapy (high-energy rays). The exact combination depends on your situation. Some people also receive targeted therapy or immunotherapy as part of a clinical trial.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is often the main treatment for bone cancer. The aim is to remove the entire tumor. In some cases, the limb can be saved with reconstructive surgery. Sometimes, a limb may need to be amputated if limb-sparing surgery is not possible or safe.
Living with this condition
Living with bone cancer can be challenging. You may need to adjust your daily routine, attend regular hospital appointments, and manage pain. It helps to plan your activities around times when you feel strongest.
Lifestyle tips
- Stay as active as you safely can within the guidance of your medical team
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol to help your body heal
- Get plenty of rest and allow your body time to recover after treatment
Diet and exercise
Eating a balanced diet with enough protein, fruits, and vegetables supports your strength during treatment. Talk to your team about what exercise is safe for you, especially if you had surgery on a bone. A physiotherapist can help you move safely.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A cancer diagnosis can trigger fear, sadness, and stress. It is normal to feel overwhelmed. Talking to a counselor, psychologist, or a spiritual care provider can help. If you have urgent thoughts of harming yourself, call your local emergency number.
Prevention
At this time, there is no known way to prevent primary bone cancer. You can reduce your risk of complications by reporting persistent bone pain early and staying aware of unusual changes in your body.
Vaccines
There is no vaccine that prevents bone cancer.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening test for bone cancer in the general public. If you are at higher risk due to a family condition, your doctor may suggest regular imaging tests.
Complications
If left untreated
- Uncontrolled pain that can interfere with sleep and daily life
- Bone fractures, often after very minor injury
- Spread of the cancer to the lungs or other bones
Long-term outlook
Primary bone cancer is treatable, especially when it is found early. Many people have a good chance of recovery, depending on the type, location, and how far it has spread. Your healthcare team will give you realistic and hopeful guidance about your outlook.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: August 1, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.