17774 Female Infertility
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Infertility means not being able to get pregnant after a year of regular, unprotected sex. For women over 35, this is after six months. Female infertility refers to health issues in a woman's body that make it harder to conceive.
Key facts
- About one-third of infertility cases involve female factors, one-third involve male factors, and the rest are a combination or unknown.
- Age plays a big role – fertility naturally declines as women get older.
- Many causes of female infertility are treatable, and help is available.
Infertility is common, affecting about 1 in 7 couples in the UK.
Female infertility affects women of reproductive age who are trying to get pregnant.
Symptoms
- Severe abdominal or pelvic pain.
- Heavy vaginal bleeding.
- Fainting or dizziness.
- ⚠Very painful periods that interfere with daily life.
- ⚠New or unusual bleeding.
Common symptoms
- No obvious symptoms – many women only notice difficulty getting pregnant.
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods.
- Painful periods or pelvic pain.
- Hormonal signs like acne, weight gain, or excess facial hair.
Symptoms in children
- Not applicable – female infertility relates to reproductive age.
Symptoms in older adults
- Not applicable – female infertility affects reproductive years, though fertility declines with age.
Causes
Main causes
- Ovulation problems, such as irregular or absent ovulation.
- Damage to the fallopian tubes, often from infection or surgery.
- Endometriosis – tissue similar to the womb lining grows elsewhere.
- Uterine problems, like fibroids or scar tissue.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common hormonal condition.
- Hormone imbalances that affect the menstrual cycle.
Risk factors
- Age over 35.
- Smoking or heavy alcohol use.
- Being significantly overweight or underweight.
- High stress levels.
- A history of pelvic infection or sexually transmitted infections.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Seek medical advice promptly if you have severe pelvic pain or unusual bleeding.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you are under 35 and have been trying to get pregnant for a year.
- If you are 35 or older and have been trying for six months.
- If you have irregular periods, painful periods, or a history of pelvic infections.
Diagnosis
A doctor will ask about your medical history, your menstrual cycle, and any past pregnancies. They may do a physical exam and arrange tests to check how your body is working.
Tests that may be done
- Blood tests to check hormone levels.
- Ultrasound to look at the uterus, ovaries, and follicles.
- Hysterosalpingography – an X-ray test to check the fallopian tubes.
- Laparoscopy – a small operation with a camera to look at the pelvic organs.
What to expect at your appointment
The process usually begins with a blood test and an ultrasound. If more information is needed, your doctor may refer you to a fertility specialist for further investigations.
Treatment
Treatment for female infertility depends on the cause. It may include lifestyle changes, medicines, surgery, or assisted conception. Modern treatments help many people achieve pregnancy.
Self-care at home
- Aim for a healthy body weight.
- Limit alcohol and stop smoking.
- Track your menstrual cycle so you know when you ovulate.
- Manage stress with relaxation techniques, like deep breathing or walking.
Medical treatments
Medications may be used to stimulate ovulation or correct hormone imbalances. Surgical procedures can repair blocked tubes or remove tissue such as fibroids or endometriosis. Assisted reproduction options, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), are available when other treatments are not effective.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery may be an option for problems like blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, or uterine abnormalities.
Living with this condition
It can help to have open conversations with your partner and to ask family and friends for support. You might also find comfort in connecting with others who understand what you are going through.
Lifestyle tips
- Build a regular sleep routine.
- Stay physically active with activities you enjoy.
- Make time for hobbies and relaxation.
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein supports overall health and fertility. Moderate exercise, like brisk walking, is beneficial – but avoid extreme workouts.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Dealing with infertility can feel stressful and emotional. It is normal to feel anxious, sad, or frustrated. Talking to a counsellor or your doctor can help you manage these feelings.
Prevention
Not all causes of female infertility can be prevented, but some risk factors – like smoking and heavy drinking – are within your control. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help protect your fertility.
Complications
If left untreated
- Emotional distress, anxiety, or depression.
- Missed diagnosis of underlying conditions like endometriosis or hormonal disorders.
Long-term outlook
Many causes of female infertility can be addressed. With the right treatment and support, many couples go on to have children. Even when pregnancy is not possible, there are other paths to parenthood. You are not alone, and help is available.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.