17858 Meningioma

Overview

A meningioma is a tumor that grows from the meninges — the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Most meningiomas are benign (not cancer) and grow very slowly.

Yes, meningioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults, accounting for about one in every three primary brain tumors.

Meningioma mainly affects adults, especially people over age 60. It is more common in women than in men. Children can develop meningioma, but it is rare.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Headaches, especially ones that keep getting worse
• Seizures
• Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg
• Vision changes, such as blurred or double vision
• Dizziness or balance problems
• Memory problems or confusion
• Personality or mood changes

Symptoms in children

• Headaches
• Seizures
• Vomiting
• Bulging of the soft spot on the skull (in babies)
• Eye problems, such as drooping eyelid or trouble moving the eyes

Symptoms in older adults

• Confusion or memory loss
• Difficulty with balance or walking
• Mood changes or depression
• Headaches
• Weakness on one side of the body

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is unknown in most cases.
• Meningiomas start when cells in the meninges grow out of control, forming a mass or tumor.
• Most meningiomas develop for no clear reason, without being inherited.

Risk factors

• Being female — women are affected more often than men
• Being older than 60
• Previous radiation therapy to the head
• A rare genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 2

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• See a doctor the same day if you have a new seizure, a sudden very bad headache, or sudden weakness, numbness, or vision changes.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Make a routine appointment if you have headaches that keep coming back, dizziness, memory problems, or changes in mood or behaviour.

Diagnosis

A meningioma is usually found with a brain scan, such as an MRI or CT scan. These scans often happen after you've seen your GP with symptoms, or you may have a scan for another reason and the tumor is found by chance.

Tests that may be done

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) — a detailed scan of the brain
• CT (computed tomography) — a quick scan that can show tumours
• Neurological exam — checking your balance, vision, and reflexes

What to expect at your appointment

If a meningioma is suspected, you will be referred to a specialist at a hospital. Further tests may be done, and a treatment plan will be discussed with you.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the size and location of the tumor, whether it is growing, and the symptoms it causes. Because many meningiomas grow very slowly, your medical team may recommend monitoring the tumor with regular scans instead of treating it right away.

Self-care at home

• Keep a record of your symptoms to share with your healthcare team
• Attend all follow-up appointments and scans
• Get enough rest and ask for help when you need it
• Tell your doctor about any new or worsening symptoms

Medical treatments

If treatment is needed, options include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy to control growth, or medication to manage certain symptoms such as seizures. Your specialist will explain the benefits and risks of each approach based on your specific situation. Decisions are always made together with you.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery may be recommended if the tumor is causing symptoms, growing quickly, or pressing on important areas of the brain. The goal is usually to remove as much of the tumor as safely as possible.

Living with this condition

Many people with a meningioma live full and active lives. You may need to make small adjustments if you have headaches, tiredness, or weakness. Following your treatment plan and staying in touch with your healthcare team is important.

Lifestyle tips

• Get regular, gentle exercise such as walking or swimming
• Manage stress with activities you enjoy
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
• Get enough sleep to help with fatigue

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet and staying physically active can support your overall health and energy. There is no specific diet that is proven to shrink meningiomas, so focus on a healthy pattern of eating that works for you.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A diagnosis like this can bring worry, anxiety, or low mood. These feelings are normal. Talking to family, friends, or a professional counsellor can make a real difference. You are not alone.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent meningioma. Most risk factors, such as age and being female, are not within your control. The best step is to stay aware of symptoms and seek medical advice if you have concerns.

Complications

If left untreated

• If a growing meningioma is left untreated, it can press on the brain and cause serious problems.
• Possible complications include permanent weakness, vision loss, seizures, or increased pressure inside the skull.

Long-term outlook

The outlook is generally positive. Most meningiomas are benign and slow-growing, and many can be treated successfully with surgery or radiation. Even when watching and waiting is chosen, people often do very well for many years. Your specialist can give you more personal information about your situation.

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