17867 Autoimmune Hepatitis
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Autoimmune hepatitis is a long-term liver condition. The body's immune system, which normally fights infections, mistakenly attacks the liver cells. This causes swelling (inflammation) and damage to the liver. Over time, if not treated, it can lead to scarring (cirrhosis) and affect how the liver works.
Key facts
- It is a chronic (long-lasting) condition, but treatment can control it.
- It is not contagious, so you cannot catch it from someone else.
- It is more common in women, but anyone can get it.
No. Autoimmune hepatitis is rare. It affects about 1 in 10,000 to 20,000 people, though it may be underdiagnosed.
It can affect people of any age, but it most often appears between ages 15 and 40. Women are more likely to develop it than men. It can also occur in children and older adults.
Symptoms
- Severe confusion or disorientation
- Vomiting blood or black, tarry stools
- Bleeding easily or severe bruising
- ⚠Worsening jaundice
- ⚠Severe abdominal pain
- ⚠Fever
- ⚠Dark urine that persists
Common symptoms
- Feeling very tired (fatigue)
- Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Joint aches
- Itchy skin
- Dark urine and pale stools
- Loss of appetite or nausea
Symptoms in children
- Children may show the same signs as adults, along with delayed growth, missed periods (in teenage girls), or a swollen abdomen.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults may have mild or vague symptoms, such as fatigue, general discomfort, or abnormal liver tests found by chance.
Causes
Main causes
- The exact cause is not fully understood. It seems that something triggers the immune system to attack the liver, possibly a virus, a reaction to a medicine, or a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Risk factors
- Being female
- Having another autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, or celiac disease
- A family history of autoimmune disease
- Certain genetic markers
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you develop jaundice (yellow skin or eyes), dark urine, or severe fatigue, see a doctor the same day.
- If you have symptoms of liver failure such as confusion, vomiting blood, or black stools, call your local emergency number immediately.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have persistent tiredness, mild abdominal discomfort, or joint aches lasting more than a few weeks, make a routine appointment to discuss your symptoms.
Diagnosis
To diagnose autoimmune hepatitis, your doctor will take your medical history, examine you, and order blood tests to check liver function and look for certain antibodies. You may have an ultrasound of your liver. A liver biopsy (taking a tiny sample of liver tissue) may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and show how much damage has occurred.
Tests that may be done
- Blood tests (liver function tests and antibody tests)
- Liver ultrasound
- Liver biopsy (if needed)
- Elastography (a special scan to measure liver scarring)
What to expect at your appointment
Your GP may refer you to a liver specialist (hepatologist) or a gastroenterologist. Diagnosis often takes a few weeks. The specialist will explain the results and discuss a treatment plan with you.
Treatment
Treatment aims to reduce inflammation, ease symptoms, and prevent liver damage. Most people need long-term medication to calm the immune system. With early treatment, many people live healthy lives.
Self-care at home
- Take your medicines exactly as prescribed and do not stop without talking to your doctor.
- Avoid alcohol – it puts extra strain on your liver.
- Talk to your pharmacist before taking any over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or supplements.
- Get enough rest and stay active within your limits.
Medical treatments
Treatment usually involves medicines that calm the immune system. A common first step is a type of anti-inflammatory medicine called a corticosteroid. You may also take another medicine that helps control your immune system. Your specialist will explain the options and decide what is best for you. Regular blood tests are needed to monitor the medicine and your liver.
When is surgery considered?
If the liver becomes severely scarred and stops working, a liver transplant may be considered. This is major surgery, but it can be life-saving. Most people with autoimmune hepatitis do not need this.
Living with this condition
Managing autoimmune hepatitis is a long-term journey. With regular check-ups and the right medication, most people can lead a normal, active life. It helps to learn about your condition and communicate openly with your healthcare team.
Lifestyle tips
- Maintain a balanced diet and stay well hydrated.
- Limit alcohol — many doctors advise avoiding it completely.
- Exercise regularly but rest when you feel tired.
- Manage stress with relaxation techniques or hobbies.
- Keep all your appointments and blood tests.
Diet and exercise
Eating a healthy diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein supports your liver. Avoid processed foods and extra salt, especially if your liver is affected. Gentle exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga can boost your energy and mood. Always listen to your body and rest when needed.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with a chronic illness can be stressful and sometimes overwhelming. It is normal to feel anxious or down. Talk to your doctor if your mood affects your daily life. Support groups, counseling, and mindfulness can help.
Prevention
Autoimmune hepatitis itself cannot be prevented, but you can help prevent complications by taking your medication, keeping regular appointments, and avoiding alcohol.
Vaccines
Ask your healthcare provider about vaccines for hepatitis A and B, as these infections can be especially harmful for someone with liver disease.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening for autoimmune hepatitis in the general population. For people with a family history, regular blood tests may be considered — discuss with your doctor.
Complications
If left untreated
- Cirrhosis (permanent scarring of the liver)
- Liver failure
- Higher risk of liver cancer
- Symptoms that affect your quality of life
Long-term outlook
The outlook is generally good with early diagnosis and treatment. Many people respond well to medication and can live a normal lifespan. Regular monitoring helps keep the condition under control. It is a lifelong condition, but you can live well with it.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- British Liver Trust ↗ · United Kingdom
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.