17942 Dislocated Elbow

Overview

A dislocated elbow happens when the bones that form the elbow joint are pushed out of their normal position. The elbow is a hinge joint between the upper arm bone (humerus) and the two forearm bones (radius and ulna). When these bones slip out of place, it causes pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the arm.

Yes. The elbow is one of the most commonly dislocated large joints in adults. It also occurs in children, often after a fall or a sudden pull on the arm.

It can affect people of all ages. Children often get a type of elbow injury called nursemaid's elbow, where the forearm bone partially slips out of place. In older adults and athletes, falls and sports injuries are common causes of a full elbow dislocation.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Severe pain in the elbow
• Visible deformity — the elbow may look out of shape
• Swelling around the joint
• Inability to bend or straighten the arm
• Bruising or discoloration
• Numbness or tingling in the hand or fingers

Symptoms in children

• Crying or severe fussiness after a fall or pull on the arm
• Holding the arm still against the body
• Refusing to use the arm
• Slight bend at the elbow with palm facing down

Symptoms in older adults

• Elbow pain after a fall, even if the pain seems mild at first
• Difficulty moving the arm
• Swelling and bruising that increases over hours
• Stiffness and limited range of motion
• A feeling that the joint is loose or unstable

Causes

Main causes

• Falling onto an outstretched hand with the elbow straight
• A direct blow to the elbow during sports or a car accident
• A sudden forceful twist or pull of the arm
• Nursemaid's elbow in children — often caused by lifting a child by the hand or pulling the arm suddenly

Risk factors

• Playing contact sports like football, rugby, or wrestling
• Activities that risk falls, such as skating, skiing, or gymnastics
• Having had a previous elbow dislocation
• Weak muscles around the elbow from lack of use or older age

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you suspect a dislocated elbow, see a healthcare provider or go to an emergency department right away — do not wait.
• Any elbow pain after a fall or injury with severe swelling or deformity needs urgent care.
• If the hand feels cold, pale, or numb, this is a medical emergency — call your local emergency number immediately.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you had an elbow injury that was not fully treated, and you still have pain, stiffness, or a feeling of instability, ask for a follow-up appointment.
• If you are doing rehabilitation and your elbow does not improve, talk to your healthcare team.

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about how the injury happened, examine your arm, and check the pulse and sensation in your hand and fingers. They will also look for signs of damage to nerves or blood vessels.

Tests that may be done

• X-rays are usually taken to confirm the dislocation and check for small bone fractures.
• In some cases, a CT scan or MRI may be done to see the bones and soft tissues in more detail.
• The doctor may gently test the movement and strength of your arm after the joint is put back in place.

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will likely recommend pain relief, a sling or splint, and possibly an X-ray before and after treatment. If the joint is stable after being put back, you may be sent home with instructions for rest and follow-up.

Treatment

The main treatment is to put the elbow bones back into the correct position. This is called a reduction. It is done by a trained healthcare provider, often with medication to relax the muscles or numb the area. After that, the arm may be placed in a splint or sling to keep it still while it heals.

Self-care at home

• Rest your arm and avoid using it for heavy tasks until your doctor says it is safe.
• Apply an ice pack wrapped in a cloth for 15–20 minutes at a time to reduce swelling.
• Keep your arm raised on pillows when sitting or lying down to help swelling go down.
• Follow your doctor's instructions for gentle movement exercises once healing has started.

Medical treatments

Doctors may suggest over-the-counter or prescription pain relief to keep you comfortable. They may also recommend physiotherapy or exercises to restore strength and flexibility. In some cases, a splint or cast is used for a short period. No specific medicines or brands are recommended here — always ask your healthcare provider.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is needed in a small number of cases, such as when the joint remains unstable, when there is damage to nerves or blood vessels, or when a broken bone also needs to be repaired.

Living with this condition

Recovery from a dislocated elbow takes time. For the first few days, keep your arm supported in a sling. Avoid heavy lifting, pushing, or pulling. As pain decreases, you can slowly return to normal activities, but always follow your doctor's or physiotherapist's guidance.

Lifestyle tips

• Use the sling or splint exactly as directed.
• Do not rush back into sports or heavy exercise until cleared.
• Keep the arm in a comfortable position, and protect it from bumps.
• Ask for help with daily tasks like cooking, bathing, or carrying groceries while you heal.

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet with plenty of protein, vitamins, and calcium can support bone and tissue healing. Once your doctor says it is safe, gentle range-of-motion and strengthening exercises are important. A physiotherapist can create a safe plan for you.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Healing from an elbow injury can be frustrating, especially if you use your arm a lot for work or hobbies. It is normal to feel worried, anxious, or low. Talk to your healthcare team if you feel upset or discouraged. They can offer advice and support.

Prevention

You can reduce the risks of a dislocated elbow. Use proper safety gear during sports, learn how to fall safely, and avoid lifting or pulling children by their arms. Maintaining strong arm muscles and good balance may also reduce your chance of falls.

Complications

If left untreated

• Nerve damage, which can cause numbness, weakness, or difficulty moving the hand
• Damage to blood vessels, which may affect blood flow to the forearm and hand
• Long-term stiffness or loss of motion in the elbow
• Chronic instability — the elbow may dislocate again easily

Long-term outlook

With prompt treatment and proper care, most people recover fully from a dislocated elbow. Minor stiffness or aching can sometimes remain, but rehabilitation can help. Following your doctor's advice and giving your joint time to heal gives you the best chance of a good outcome.

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