17965 Salivary Gland Cancer
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Salivary glands are small organs that make saliva (spit). Saliva helps you chew, swallow, and digest food. Salivary gland cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in these glands. It often appears as a painless lump or swelling in the mouth, jaw, or neck.
Key facts
- It is a rare cancer, making up less than 1 out of every 100 cancers.
- A painless lump is often the first sign, but most salivary gland lumps are not cancer.
- Treatment often includes surgery to remove the tumour, and sometimes radiation therapy.
No, it is not common. Salivary gland cancer is rare, accounting for under 1% of all cancers diagnosed worldwide.
It can affect people of any age, but it is more common in older adults. Some types of salivary gland cancer occur mainly in children and young adults.
Symptoms
- Call your local emergency number immediately if you have sudden trouble breathing or swallowing, or if you notice a very fast-growing swelling in your face or neck that blocks your airway.
- ⚠See a doctor the same day if you have a new lump anywhere in your mouth, face, jaw, or neck that does not go away within two weeks.
- ⚠See a doctor the same day if you develop facial weakness, numbness, or severe pain in the cheek or jaw.
Common symptoms
- A painless lump or swelling in the mouth, cheek, jaw, or neck
- Numbness or weakness in one part of your face
- Difficulty swallowing or opening your mouth fully
- A feeling that something is stuck in your throat
- Pain or tenderness in the affected area
- Drooping on one side of your face
Causes
Main causes
- The exact cause of salivary gland cancer is unknown. It happens when normal cells in the salivary glands change and grow out of control, forming a tumour. These changes are not caused by an infection or injury.
Risk factors
- Older age (usually over 50)
- Previous radiation therapy to the head or neck
- Heavy exposure to certain chemicals at work, such as nickel alloy dust or asbestos
- A family history of salivary gland cancer or certain genetic conditions
- Smoking and heavy alcohol use
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- A lump or swelling that lasts more than two weeks
- Trouble swallowing or an abnormal taste you cannot explain
- Facial weakness or drooping
Book a routine appointment if:
- A persistent painless lump anywhere in the mouth, jaw, or neck
- A feeling that something is caught in your throat
- Any change in your ability to open your mouth fully
Diagnosis
To diagnose salivary gland cancer, your doctor will examine your face, mouth, and neck. They will ask about your symptoms and health history. If they suspect cancer, they will arrange imaging tests and a biopsy, which is a procedure to take a small sample of tissue for testing.
Tests that may be done
- Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to see the size and location of the lump
- A biopsy, where a needle is used to take a small sample of cells from the lump
- A careful physical examination of your face, mouth, and neck
What to expect at your appointment
You will be referred to a specialist, usually a head and neck surgeon or an oncology team. They will explain the test results and discuss possible treatment options with you. It is okay to ask questions at every stage – your care team is there to help you understand.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type, size, and location of the tumour, and whether it has spread. The main treatments are surgery, and sometimes radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Your care team will talk with you about the best plan for your situation.
Self-care at home
- Keep the area around your mouth clean and gentle while you heal.
- Eat soft foods and drink plenty of fluids if swallowing feels difficult.
- Follow your doctor's advice about wound care after any procedure.
Medical treatments
Surgery is the most common treatment for salivary gland cancer. The surgeon may remove the tumour along with a small margin of healthy tissue, and sometimes affected lymph nodes. Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy and targeted drug treatments may be used in certain situations, often when the cancer is advanced or has spread. Your doctor may also discuss clinical trials with you.
When is surgery considered?
Most people with salivary gland cancer will have an operation to remove the tumour. The type of surgery depends on which salivary gland is affected and the extent of the disease.
Living with this condition
After treatment, you will need regular follow-up appointments to check for any signs of the cancer coming back. You may also need help with eating, speaking, or facial movements depending on where the tumour was. Physiotherapy and speech therapy can be very helpful during recovery.
Lifestyle tips
- If you smoke, consider quitting. Smoking can make it harder to recover and increases the risk of future cancers.
- Limit alcohol to reduce strain on your body during recovery.
- Rest when you feel tired, and gradually increase your activity as you feel able.
Diet and exercise
Aim for a balanced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. Staying well-hydrated helps keep your mouth moist and comfortable. Gentle exercise, such as walking, can improve your energy and mood, but check with your care team before starting a new routine.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A cancer diagnosis can be upsetting and stressful. It is normal to feel anxious, sad, or overwhelmed. Talking with a counsellor or joining a support group can help. If you ever feel that you cannot cope, reach out to your local mental health crisis service or call your local emergency number – there are people who care and want to help you.
Prevention
There is no sure way to prevent salivary gland cancer, but avoiding unnecessary radiation to the head and neck may lower your risk. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol may also help.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening test for salivary gland cancer. However, you can help by knowing what feels normal for your mouth and neck and reporting any unusual lump or swelling to your doctor.
Complications
If left untreated
- The tumour may grow larger and invade nearby structures, such as the facial nerve, which can lead to facial weakness or paralysis.
- Cancer can spread to lymph nodes in the neck or to other organs, such as the lungs or bones.
- Difficulty swallowing may lead to poor nutrition or weight loss.
Long-term outlook
The outlook for salivary gland cancer depends on the type and stage. Many salivary gland cancers grow slowly and are caught early, when treatment is most effective. Surgery is often successful, and long-term remission is common. Even if the cancer is advanced, treatments are available to help control it and to help you maintain a good quality of life.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.