Acne
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Acne is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It often shows up as whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, or deeper lumps on the face, chest, back, and shoulders.
Key facts
- Acne is not caused by poor hygiene — it's related to hormones, oil production, and bacteria.
- Acne is not contagious — you cannot catch it from someone else.
- With proper care and treatment, acne can be managed and often improves over time.
Yes, acne is extremely common. It affects most teenagers to some degree, but it can happen at any age.
Acne most often affects teenagers and young adults, but it can also affect adults, especially women during hormonal changes such as pregnancy or menopause.
Symptoms
- Acne rarely requires emergency care. However, call your local emergency number right away if you have acne along with signs of a serious infection: high fever, chills, or areas of hot, red, swollen skin that spread quickly.
- ⚠See a doctor the same day if you have a very large, painful cyst that could be infected, or if your acne suddenly becomes much worse and makes it hard to open your mouth or move your face.
Common symptoms
- Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
- Blackheads (open plugged pores)
- Small red, tender bumps (papules)
- Pimples with pus at the tip (pustules)
- Large, hard, painful lumps under the skin (nodules)
- Deep, painful, pus-filled lumps (cysts)
Symptoms in children
- Children can get acne too, often appearing as small whiteheads or blackheads on the forehead and cheeks.
- If your child develops painful, deep lumps or scarring, it's best to see a healthcare provider.
Symptoms in older adults
- Adults may get acne along the jawline, chin, and neck, often linked to hormonal changes.
- Acne in older adults can be stubborn and may need different treatment approaches.
Causes
Main causes
- Excess oil production in the skin
- Clogged hair follicles from dead skin cells and oil
- Bacteria (Cutibacterium acnes) that get trapped in pores
- Inflammation in the skin
Risk factors
- Hormonal changes (like during puberty, menstrual cycles, or pregnancy)
- Family history of acne
- Certain medications (like steroids or lithium)
- Stress, which can make acne worse
- Using oily or greasy cosmetics or skin products
- Friction from tight clothes, helmets, or backpacks
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If your acne is severe — large, painful cysts that could lead to scarring
- If you have signs of a skin infection (redness, warmth, spreading pain)
- If your acne suddenly worsens while you are receiving treatment
Book a routine appointment if:
- If over-the-counter products haven't helped after several weeks
- If acne is causing you emotional distress or affecting your daily life
- If you are developing dark spots or scars from acne
Diagnosis
A doctor or dermatologist can diagnose acne by looking at your skin. They will ask about your symptoms, how long you've had them, and any treatments you've tried.
Tests that may be done
- No tests are needed for most acne. In rare cases, a doctor may take a swab from a pimple to check for bacteria or infection.
What to expect at your appointment
The doctor will examine your skin, noting the types and locations of spots. They will discuss treatment options that are safe and right for your skin type and acne severity.
Treatment
Treatment depends on how bad your acne is. Mild acne often improves with gentle skin care and over-the-counter products. For moderate to severe acne, a doctor can offer stronger treatments to reduce breakouts and prevent scarring.
Self-care at home
- Gently wash your face twice a day with a mild cleanser
- Avoid scrubbing or using harsh soaps
- Use oil-free and 'non-comedogenic' (won't clog pores) products
- Don't pick, pop, or squeeze pimples — this can cause scars and infections
- Keep your hands away from your face
- Wash your hair regularly, especially if it's oily
Medical treatments
A doctor may recommend topical treatments (creams or gels applied to the skin), oral medications (such as antibiotics or hormone-regulating medicines), or in-office procedures like light therapy, chemical peels, or drainage of large cysts. They will choose the best approach based on your specific needs.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is rarely needed for acne. In some cases, a dermatologist may drain a large, painful cyst to relieve pressure and reduce risk of scarring. This is done in the clinic.
Living with this condition
Living with acne can be frustrating, but it's manageable. Stick to a gentle skincare routine, use non-comedogenic products, and be patient — treatments take weeks to work. Avoid touching your face and keep your phone and pillowcases clean.
Lifestyle tips
- Manage stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, or hobbies
- Get enough sleep to help your skin heal
- Avoid heavy or greasy makeup; choose 'oil-free' and 'non-comedogenic' products
- Clean your glasses, sunglasses, and face masks regularly
- Shower after sweating to remove oil and sweat from your skin
Diet and exercise
A healthy, balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is good for your overall health. Some people find that certain foods (like dairy or sugary snacks) seem to make their acne worse, but this varies. Regular exercise can improve blood flow and reduce stress, which may help. Always shower afterward to keep pores clean.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Acne can affect how you feel about yourself. It may cause embarrassment, frustration, or even sadness. These feelings are normal. If acne is affecting your confidence or mental health, talk to a trusted person or a healthcare provider. You are not alone, and support is available.
Prevention
You cannot always prevent acne, especially during times of hormonal change. But you can reduce breakouts by keeping a consistent gentle skincare routine, avoiding heavy or greasy products, and not picking your skin. Early treatment of mild acne may also help prevent it from getting worse.
Complications
If left untreated
- Permanent scarring — deep pits or raised bumps on the skin
- Dark spots (hyperpigmentation) that can last for months after the acne heals
- Long-term emotional distress, including low self-esteem or depression
Long-term outlook
With proper care, most people see great improvement in their acne. It may take time and patience, but many treatment options are available. Even if scarring occurs, there are treatments to reduce its appearance. You can manage acne and feel good about your skin.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- NHS - Acne ↗ · United Kingdom
- American Academy of Dermatology - Acne ↗ · United States
- HealthDirect - Acne ↗ · Australia
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.