Acne in teenagers

Overview

Acne is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It often shows up as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, mostly on the face, chest, and back.

Yes, acne is extremely common in teenagers. About 8 out of 10 teenagers will experience acne at some point.

Acne mainly affects teenagers and young adults, but it can also occur in older adults and sometimes children. It tends to be more severe in boys, but girls often get acne at an earlier age.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Blackheads (small, dark spots on the skin)
• Whiteheads (small, flesh-colored bumps)
• Pimples (red, inflamed bumps with a white center)
• Cysts or nodules (larger, painful lumps under the skin)

Symptoms in children

• Acne before puberty is less common but can happen, often as blackheads or whiteheads on the forehead or cheeks.

Symptoms in older adults

• Acne in adults (age 25+) may appear as inflamed pimples or cysts, often along the jawline and chin.

Causes

Main causes

• Hormonal changes during puberty that increase oil production in the skin
• Clogged hair follicles due to excess oil and dead skin cells
• Bacteria on the skin that can cause inflammation

Risk factors

• Family history of acne – if your parents had acne, you may be more likely to get it
• Certain cosmetics or skin products that are oily or greasy
• Friction from helmets, tight collars, or backpacks
• Stress, which can make acne worse

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If acne is extremely painful or has large, hard lumps under the skin (nodules or cysts)
• If you have signs of infection: the skin is hot, red, or oozing pus

Book a routine appointment if:

• If over-the-counter products (like mild cleansers or creams) do not improve acne after a few weeks
• If acne is causing emotional distress, low self-esteem, or affecting your daily life
• If you develop scars from acne

Diagnosis

A doctor or dermatologist (a skin specialist) will look at your skin and ask about your health, habits, and family history. They can usually diagnose acne just by looking at it.

Tests that may be done

• No tests are usually needed. In rare cases, if the acne is unusual or severe, a swab may be taken to check for bacteria or other skin conditions.

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will examine your face, chest, and back. They may ask about your skin care routine, diet, stress, and any medicines you take. They will then discuss treatment options that are right for you.

Treatment

Treatment depends on how severe the acne is and how it affects you. A combination of good skin care, over-the-counter products, and sometimes prescription treatments from your doctor can help clear acne and prevent scarring.

Self-care at home

• Wash your face gently twice a day with a mild cleanser and warm water. Do not scrub hard.
• Avoid picking, popping, or squeezing pimples – this can make them worse and cause scars.
• Use non-comedogenic (non-clogging) skincare and makeup products labeled 'oil-free'.
• Shampoo your hair regularly, especially if your hair is oily.
• Keep your hands away from your face and avoid resting your chin or cheeks on your hands.

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend creams or gels that you apply to your skin, or sometimes pills to take by mouth. These treatments work to reduce oil, kill bacteria, or unclog pores. For severe acne, a doctor might suggest a course of antibiotics or other oral medication. Always use treatments exactly as directed and do not mix more than one product without advice.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not usually needed. In rare cases, a dermatologist may drain large, painful cysts or use a minor procedure to remove deep blackheads or whiteheads. This is done in the clinic.

Living with this condition

Living with acne can be frustrating, but simple habits can help. Clean your face gently, avoid harsh products, and be patient – it can take weeks or months for treatments to work. You can still wear makeup if it is non-comedogenic, and you can continue with your normal activities.

Lifestyle tips

• Manage stress through activities like exercise, hobbies, or talking to a friend
• Get enough sleep – aim for 8-10 hours a night as a teenager
• Avoid touching your face throughout the day

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is good for overall health. Some people find that high-sugar or high-dairy foods make their acne worse, but this varies. Regular exercise improves circulation and can help reduce stress, which may help acne. Shower after sweating to wash away oil and sweat.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Acne can affect how you feel about yourself. It is normal to feel self-conscious or frustrated. If acne makes you feel sad, anxious, or withdrawn, talk to a parent, counselor, or doctor. Your feelings matter, and there are ways to help both your skin and your emotions.

Prevention

It may not be possible to prevent acne completely, especially during puberty. However, you can reduce its severity by following good skincare habits and avoiding known triggers like heavy, greasy products.

Complications

If left untreated

• Acne scars – dark spots or pitted marks that can last a long time
• Low self-esteem or depression
• In rare cases, severe acne can cause deep, infected cysts that may need medical treatment

Long-term outlook

The good news is that for most teenagers, acne gets better with time and the right care. Even severe acne can be treated successfully. With patience and help from your doctor, you can achieve clearer skin and feel more confident.

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