Amphetamines

Overview

Amphetamines are a group of stimulant drugs that speed up activity in the brain and body. They are occasionally used as medicines for conditions like ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder). Amphetamines are also made illegally and can be misused to stay awake, boost energy, or feel a sense of euphoria ('high'). Because they are powerful stimulants, they carry a risk of dependence, overdose, and serious health problems.

Amphetamine misuse is a serious concern worldwide, but it is less common than other substance use. For example, surveys in the UK suggest that a small percentage of people have used amphetamines in the past year. However, it is more common among certain groups, such as young adults and people who use other stimulants.

Amphetamine use can affect anyone, no matter their age, gender, or background. Prescribed amphetamines are most often given to children and adults with ADHD or people with narcolepsy. Misuse is more common in teenagers, young adults, and people who are under stress or social pressure.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Increased energy and alertness
• Reduced appetite
• Faster heart rate and higher blood pressure
• Feeling restless, anxious, or irritable
• Difficulty sleeping
• Sweating and dilated pupils
• Talkativeness or euphoria

Symptoms in children

• Trouble sleeping
• Loss of appetite
• Stomach ache or headache
• Mood swings or irritability
• Slowed growth with long-term use

Symptoms in older adults

• Confusion or falls
• Heart palpitations (a feeling of a racing or irregular heartbeat)
• High blood pressure
• Unhealthy weight loss due to loss of appetite
• Interactions with other medicines

Causes

Main causes

• Amphetamines are taken medically to treat certain brain conditions like ADHD and narcolepsy.
• They are also used recreationally for their stimulating effects, often to stay awake, boost energy, or feel high.
• Misuse can start because of curiosity, peer pressure, work or study pressure, or as a way to cope with stress or low mood.

Risk factors

• Having a personal or family history of substance use
• Being male and under 25 years old
• Having low mood, anxiety, or other mental health conditions
• Being in a social group where drug use is common
• Having easy access to amphetamines or other stimulants

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have a bad reaction to amphetamines, such as chest pain, seizures, confusion, or severe agitation, call your local emergency number immediately.
• If you have taken too much or feel your heart racing, do not wait.
• If you feel you cannot stop using the drug and are experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms, seek urgent help.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you or someone you know is using amphetamines regularly and wants to cut down or stop, make a routine appointment with a GP (family doctor).
• Talk to a doctor before starting or stopping any prescribed stimulant medicine.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis is usually based on a detailed conversation about symptoms, health history, and drug use. A doctor may ask questions about your use, how it affects your daily life, and any side effects. They may also examine you and check your blood pressure and heart rate.

Tests that may be done

• Urine or blood test to detect the substance in your body if needed
• Blood tests to check how your body is coping
• ECG (heart tracing) to check your heart's rhythm
• Mental health assessment to look for co-occurring conditions

What to expect at your appointment

The appointment is friendly and non-judgmental. The doctor may ask personal questions, but this helps them understand your situation. They will explain their findings and offer options for treatment or support. You are welcome to bring someone you trust.

Treatment

Treatment for amphetamine problems focuses on supporting you to stop using the drug safely, managing withdrawal symptoms, and addressing any mental or physical health issues. The right plan depends on your situation and whether you are using the drug recreationally or as a prescribed medicine. A doctor or substance-use specialist can help you choose the best approach.

Self-care at home

• Be honest with your doctor about your use.
• Do not stop suddenly without medical advice, as withdrawal can be hard.
• Stay hydrated and eat regular meals.
• Find a safe and quiet place to sleep.
• Reach out to trusted friends or family.
• Set small goals for change, like reducing use gradually.
• Use distraction techniques like walking, music, or hobbies.

Medical treatments

No specific drug is approved for treating amphetamine dependence, but doctors can offer medicines to manage certain symptoms such as depression, anxiety, or sleep problems. Treatment often includes talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which help you understand triggers and build healthier coping skills. A detoxification program may help you stop safely under medical supervision. If amphetamines were prescribed for ADHD or narcolepsy, your doctor may adjust the dose or switch to a different type of treatment.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a treatment for amphetamine use. If you need surgery for another reason, tell your anaesthetist about any amphetamine use, because it affects how anaesthesia works.

Living with this condition

Recovery from amphetamine misuse is a day-by-day process. Some days will be easier than others. Structure your day with regular meals, sleep, and activities. Avoid places and people associated with drug use, and celebrate small wins. If you are taking prescribed amphetamines, stick to the exact dose and schedule your doctor gave you.

Lifestyle tips

• Build a steady daily routine
• Get enough sleep and rest
• Stay active with walking or exercise
• Find ways to manage stress, like breathing exercises
• Consider joining a support group
• Avoid alcohol or other drugs while recovering

Diet and exercise

Eating balanced meals and staying hydrated can help your body recover from amphetamines. Even light exercise like walking can lift your mood and improve sleep. Try to include fruit, vegetables, and protein in your meals. If you have lost your appetite, eat small, frequent meals.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Amphetamines can change the brain's chemical balance, and stopping them may cause low mood, anxiety, or irritability for a while. This is a normal part of recovery. Talk to your doctor if you feel hopeless or have thoughts of harming yourself. If you are in crisis, call your local emergency number or a mental health crisis helpline. You do not have to face it alone.

Prevention

Amphetamine misuse can be prevented. Starting with education about risks, building healthy coping skills, and having strong social support helps protect people. For prescribed amphetamines, taking the medicine exactly as prescribed and having regular reviews with your doctor reduces risks.

Complications

If left untreated

• Heart problems, including irregular heartbeat and high blood pressure
• Stroke and seizures
• Psychosis (losing touch with reality)
• Severe weight loss and malnutrition
• Dependence and addiction
• Overdose, which can be fatal

Long-term outlook

Most people who have problems with amphetamines do get better with the right help. Recovery may take time and relapses can happen, but they are not failures. With support, you can regain your health, rebuild relationships, and return to a fulfilling life.

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