Answers To Questions About Long Covid

Overview

Long Covid is the term used when symptoms of Covid-19 stay for weeks or months after the first illness has gone. It affects people differently and can come and go. It is also called post-Covid syndrome.

Yes, Long Covid is fairly common. Studies suggest that a significant number of people who have had Covid-19 will have symptoms for more than a month. It affects people of all ages.

Long Covid can affect anyone who has had Covid-19. It seems more common in women, people with existing health conditions, and people who had severe Covid illness, but it can also occur in healthy and young people.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Extreme tiredness (fatigue) that does not go away
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Brain fog – trouble concentrating, memory problems, or feeling confused
• Chest pain or tightness
• Cough that lingers
• Joint and muscle pain
• Headaches
• Dizziness or feeling lightheaded
• Changes in sense of smell or taste
• Stomach problems such as diarrhea or loss of appetite

Symptoms in children

• Long Covid in children is less common but can occur.
• Tiredness, headache, trouble sleeping, and trouble concentrating are often reported.
• Some children may have stomach pain or rashes.
• Most children with long Covid seem to improve over time.

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults may feel more severe fatigue and weakness.
• They may have more shortness of breath and reduced mobility.
• Brain fog and memory issues can be more noticeable.
• Existing health conditions may get worse.

Causes

Main causes

• Long Covid is thought to be caused by the body's response to the virus lasting long after the initial infection.
• It may involve inflammation, damage from the virus, or an overactive immune system.
• Some people develop changes in their blood, nerves, or organs that lead to symptoms.
• Symptoms can also be triggered by physical or mental stress after the infection.

Risk factors

• Having severe Covid-19 that needed hospital care
• Having underlying health conditions such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease
• Being older
• Being female
• Being unvaccinated against Covid-19

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have chest pain, severe breathlessness, or feel faint, get urgent medical help.
• If you are coughing up blood, see a doctor the same day.
• If you have sudden weakness or trouble speaking, call emergency services.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your symptoms last more than 4 weeks after Covid-19, book a routine appointment.
• If symptoms are affecting your daily life, work, or sleep, see your GP.
• If you feel low, anxious, or unable to cope, talk to a doctor or nurse.

Diagnosis

There is no single test for Long Covid. Your doctor will start by asking about your medical history, your Covid-19 infection, and your current symptoms. They will also examine you and may do some tests to rule out other conditions.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check your blood count, kidney and liver function
• Chest X-ray or other scans if you have breathing problems
• Heart tests like an ECG (electrocardiogram) if you have chest pain or palpitations
• A pulse oximeter check to measure the oxygen level in your blood
• Tests for other conditions that could explain your symptoms, such as anaemia or thyroid problems

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor may suggest keeping a symptom diary. They might refer you to a specialist Long Covid clinic if symptoms are complex or long-lasting. Diagnosis can take time because other conditions need to be ruled out first.

Treatment

Treatment for Long Covid focuses on managing symptoms and helping you gradually recover. There is no single cure, but many approaches can help. Your doctor will work with you to make a personal plan based on your symptoms and needs.

Self-care at home

• Pace yourself – balance activity and rest, and do not try to do too much at once.
• Build up gentle activity slowly, such as walking or stretching.
• Keep a regular sleep routine and rest during the day if needed.
• Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet.
• Break tasks into small steps and prioritise what is most important.
• Avoid alcohol and smoking, as these can make symptoms worse.

Medical treatments

Medical treatment is personalised. It may include physiotherapy for breathlessness or muscle weakness, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to help with coping and brain fog, and medicines to manage specific symptoms like pain or nausea. For breathing problems, your doctor may suggest breathing exercises or pulmonary rehabilitation. If you have blood clots or severe complications, there are specific treatments, but these must be prescribed by a specialist. Always ask your doctor or pharmacist before taking anything new.

Living with this condition

Living with Long Covid can be hard. On good days, you may feel normal, on bad days you may find simple tasks exhausting. Try to plan your day around your energy levels. Make time for rest, and do not push yourself to 'beat' the illness. Keep a diary of symptoms to spot patterns and triggers.

Lifestyle tips

• Set a simple daily routine and stick to it as much as possible.
• Take regular short breaks during activity.
• Use relaxation techniques like breathing exercises or mindfulness.
• Stay in touch with friends and family, even if it is by phone or video call.
• Join a support group – online or in person – for people with Long Covid.
• Speak to your employer about flexible working or a phased return.

Diet and exercise

Try to eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and protein. Avoid heavy or sugary meals that can cause energy dips. For exercise, start very gently. A short walk or gentle stretching may be okay. Do not exercise to the point of exhaustion – this can set you back. A physiotherapist can suggest a safe plan for your level.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Long Covid can make you feel frustrated, anxious, or depressed. It is normal to feel low when your body is not recovering as quickly as you hoped. Talk to your GP if you are struggling. You can also try relaxation apps, talking therapy, or joining a supportive community. Remember you are not alone.

Prevention

The best way to prevent Long Covid is to avoid getting Covid-19 in the first place, and to reduce the chance of severe illness. Getting vaccinated, wearing a mask in crowded places, and washing your hands regularly can help. If you do get Covid-19, resting and taking care of yourself may lower the risk of long-term symptoms.

Vaccines

Vaccines are one of the most effective tools to prevent severe Covid-19 and may reduce the risk of Long Covid. Even if you have already had Covid, getting vaccinated is recommended. Over time, booster doses may also be advised. These are not a guaranteed prevention, but they help a lot.

Complications

If left untreated

• Permanent lung damage or breathing problems
• Heart problems, including inflammation or rhythm changes
• Blood clots in the legs or lungs
• Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)-like illness
• Mental health issues like depression or anxiety
• Difficulty returning to work or normal life

Long-term outlook

The outlook for Long Covid is positive for many people. Most recover gradually over weeks to months. Some people have symptoms for years, but research is improving, and better treatments are being developed. Even if recovery is slow, your body and mind can make progress. With the right support, many people find ways to manage their symptoms and rebuild their lives.

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