Birthmarks

Overview

Birthmarks are colored marks on the skin that are present at birth or appear within the first few weeks of life. They happen when blood vessels or pigment-producing cells develop in an unusual way. Most birthmarks are harmless and do not cause medical problems, but some may need monitoring or treatment.

Yes. Birthmarks are very common. It is estimated that more than 1 in 10 babies has a birthmark of some type.

Birthmarks can affect anyone. They appear in newborns and sometimes become more visible in later childhood. Some types are more noticeable in certain skin tones, but all are possible. Most occur randomly, though a few types can run in families.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• A flat pink, red, or purple patch on the skin
• A raised, rubbery, red lump often called a strawberry mark
• A brown, black, or blue-gray patch
• A cluster of small blood vessels visible under the skin

Symptoms in children

• Birthmarks are usually present at birth or appear in the first month of life.
• Some childhood birthmarks, especially vascular ones, can grow quickly for a few months before slowly shrinking.
• Most birthmarks do not cause itching, pain, or other symptoms in children.

Symptoms in older adults

• Birthmarks are typically present from birth or early childhood, so new marks in older adults are usually not birthmarks and should be checked.
• Some birthmarks may change in color, size, or texture with age.
• If a long-standing mark starts to itch, bleed, or change, see a healthcare provider.

Causes

Main causes

• Birthmarks are caused by abnormal development of blood vessels or pigment-producing cells in the skin during early development.
• Most birthmarks are not related to anything a parent did during pregnancy.
• In rare cases, multiple or unusually positioned birthmarks can be linked to genetic conditions, but most are isolated and harmless.

Risk factors

• Family history of certain types of birthmarks, though most are not directly inherited.
• Premature birth or low birth weight — some vascular birthmarks are more common in babies born early.
• Being female — some infantile hemangiomas (strawberry marks) occur more often in girls.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• A birthmark that bleeds, becomes infected, or causes pain.
• A birthmark that grows very quickly or interferes with breathing, vision, or feeding.
• A birthmark that changes color, shape, or texture over a short period.

Book a routine appointment if:

• A birthmark that you have never had checked by a healthcare professional.
• A birthmark that changes slowly over months or years.
• If you or your child feel self-conscious about a birthmark and want to know about treatment options.

Diagnosis

A doctor can usually diagnose a birthmark with a simple visual examination of your skin. They will look at its size, shape, color, texture, and location. In most cases, no tests are needed.

Tests that may be done

• A close-up examination under a bright light or with a dermatoscope (a handheld magnifying tool).
• Photographs taken over time to track changes.
• Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, if the birthmark is deep or thought to involve internal organs.

What to expect at your appointment

During the appointment, the doctor will ask questions about when the birthmark appeared and whether it has changed. They may touch the area to feel its texture. If the birthmark seems complex, they may refer you to a skin specialist or a birthmark clinic for a more detailed assessment.

Treatment

Most birthmarks need no treatment. Options are considered only if a birthmark causes discomfort, interferes with function, or has a significant impact on self-esteem. Treatment plans are personalized and may include monitoring, medication, laser therapy, or surgery.

Self-care at home

• Keep the birthmark clean and dry to avoid irritation.
• Use gentle, fragrance-free skincare products and avoid harsh soaps on the mark.
• Protect the birthmark from the sun with clothing or wide-spectrum sunscreen, especially for pigmented birthmarks.
• If the birthmark rubs against clothing, try loose, soft fabrics or a soft pad for comfort.

Medical treatments

Treatment approaches include topical medications (applied to the skin), oral medications (taken by mouth) that can slow blood vessel growth, laser therapy to lighten vascular marks, and surgical removal for certain pigmented birthmarks. These options are chosen by specialists based on the type, size, location, and age of the patient. Cosmetic camouflage products can also provide temporary coverage if desired.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery may be considered for birthmarks that are at risk of becoming cancerous (such as very large congenital nevi), for birthmarks that interfere with sight or breathing, or when a birthmark causes severe functional problems. It is also sometimes used for cosmetic reasons after full discussion with a specialist.

Living with this condition

For most people, birthmarks are simply part of their body and do not affect daily life. If a birthmark is in a sensitive area or one that often gets rubbed, small adjustments like wearing soft clothing or using protective padding can make things more comfortable.

Lifestyle tips

• Wear sunscreen regularly to protect all skin, including birthmarks.
• If you notice any changes, take a photo and write down the date — it helps if you need to show a doctor later.
• Ask for a referral to a specialist if you would like a second opinion or more information about treatment.

Diet and exercise

No specific diet or exercise restrictions are needed for birthmarks. Eating a balanced diet and staying active supports overall skin health and general wellbeing.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Some people feel self-conscious about visible birthmarks, and that is completely understandable. Talking to friends, family, or a counselor can help. For children, encouraging open conversation about birthmarks can help them feel confident and accepted. Remember that a birthmark does not define who you are.

Prevention

No. Birthmarks cannot be prevented. They are not caused by anything a mother does or does not do during pregnancy. They arise from natural variations in skin development before birth.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening for birthmarks, but it is a good idea to check your skin regularly and to ask your healthcare provider about any marks you are unsure about. People with many moles or unusual birthmarks may benefit from periodic skin checks.

Complications

If left untreated

• Most birthmarks do not cause complications if left alone.
• Large hemangiomas can sometimes bleed, ulcerate, or leave scarring, especially if they are on a site that is rubbed a lot.
• Very large congenital pigmented nevi carry a small risk of skin cancer later in life, so they need monitoring.

Long-term outlook

The outlook for birthmarks is very good. Many fade or shrink over time, and those that remain can often be managed with effective treatments. With the right support and regular check-ups when needed, most people with birthmarks live healthy, active, and fulfilling lives.

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