Bone Cancer
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Bone cancer is a type of cancer that starts inside the bone. It happens when bone cells grow out of control and form a tumour. The most common types are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. This is different from 'secondary' bone cancer, which is cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body.
Key facts
- Primary bone cancer is rare — it affects far fewer people than many other cancers.
- The three main types are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.
- Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
- Bone cancer is not caused by an injury and is not contagious.
Primary bone cancer is rare. In the UK, about 550 people are diagnosed with it each year. Bone pain is common, but bone cancer is not.
Bone cancer can happen at any age, but some types are more common in certain age groups. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma most often affect children, teenagers and young adults. Chondrosarcoma is more common in adults over 40. It is slightly more common in males.
Symptoms
- Sudden severe back or neck pain with weakness or numbness in your arms or legs
- Loss of control of your bladder or bowels
- Sudden trouble breathing or chest pain
- ⚠A bone that breaks after a minor injury without a clear cause
- ⚠A lump or swelling that is growing quickly
- ⚠Severe bone pain that is not controlled with simple pain relief
Common symptoms
- Persistent pain in a bone, which may feel worse at night or when moving
- Swelling, redness or a lump over a bone
- A bone that breaks after a very minor injury — called a pathological fracture
- Stiffness or trouble moving the affected area
- Unexplained tiredness, fever or weight loss
Symptoms in children
- Pain in the knee, thigh or shoulder that starts gradually and does not go away
- Limping without an obvious injury
- Night pain that wakes the child
- Swelling or a tender lump — sometimes noticed only after a bump or fall
Symptoms in older adults
- Persistent pain in the hip, back or legs
- A fracture that happens after a very minor bump or strain
- General tiredness and unexplained weight loss
- A noticeable swelling or mass in any bone
Causes
Main causes
- The exact cause of primary bone cancer is unknown.
- Most cases happen by chance, when the DNA inside a bone cell changes and makes the cell grow out of control.
- Some inherited genetic conditions can increase the risk.
- Previous radiation treatment for another cancer can very rarely increase the risk.
Risk factors
- Certain age groups — some types are more common in children, teens or older adults
- Past exposure to high-dose radiotherapy
- Rare inherited conditions such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or retinoblastoma
- Paget's disease of bone — a condition that affects older adults
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Any symptom in the emergency list above — call emergency services right away
- A fracture with only a very minor injury
- Difficulty moving a limb or bearing weight after a fall, or without a fall
Book a routine appointment if:
- Bone pain that lasts more than a few weeks, even if it comes and goes
- Swelling or a lump that you can feel
- Night pain in a bone that wakes you
- Unexplained tiredness, fever or weight loss that persists
Diagnosis
Your doctor will start by listening to your symptoms and examining the area. They will usually arrange an X-ray first. If the X-ray looks suspicious, they will refer you to a specialist bone cancer team at a specialist centre.
Tests that may be done
- X-ray — the first test usually done when bone symptoms are present
- MRI or CT scans — to see the tumour and nearby tissues in more detail
- Biopsy — a sample of the tumour is taken and examined under a microscope
- Blood tests — to check general health and look for signs of disease
- Bone scan — a test used to see if cancer has spread to other bones
What to expect at your appointment
If you are referred, a team of specialist doctors will talk through the next steps. A biopsy is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. You will get clear information about possible tests and treatment options. The team will also support you with any questions or worries you have.
Treatment
Treatment for bone cancer depends on the type, size and location of the tumour, and whether it has spread. There is no single approach. A team of specialists will work with you to choose the best plan.
Self-care at home
- Ask for practical and emotional support during your treatment — you do not need to cope alone
- Get plenty of rest and tell your care team about any new or worsening symptoms
- Keep a notepad of questions to take to appointments
- Stay as active as feels comfortable, and follow advice from your physiotherapist
Medical treatments
Chemotherapy (medicines that kill cancer cells) may be given before surgery to shrink the tumour, or after surgery to reduce the chance of it coming back. Radiotherapy uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells and is often used alongside surgery. Treatment plans are tailored to each person.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is often the main treatment for bone cancer. The aim is to remove the entire tumour while preserving as much function as possible. In many cases, limb-sparing surgery can save the arm or leg. In some situations, amputation is needed, but specialists now work hard to avoid it whenever possible.
Living with this condition
Living with bone cancer can feel overwhelming at first. You will have regular appointments and treatments, which can interrupt daily life. Try to take one day at a time, accept help from people around you, and let your care team know about any difficulties you are having.
Lifestyle tips
- Try to keep a routine that includes rest and light activity
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol, as they can interfere with recovery
- Keep in contact with friends and family, even if you do not feel like socialising
- Do gentle stretching or movement, if your team says it is safe
Diet and exercise
Eating well helps your body cope with treatment. Try to include a variety of foods and keep hydrated. During chemotherapy, your appetite may drop — eat small, frequent meals and choose what appeals to you. Gentle exercise and physiotherapy can help with stiffness, strength and overall mood, but check with your care team first.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A cancer diagnosis can cause shock, fear, sadness or anxiety. These feelings are normal. Many people find it helpful to talk to a counsellor or psychologist. You can also ask your treatment team about mental health support — there is no shame in asking.
Prevention
There is no proven way to prevent primary bone cancer. A healthy lifestyle may reduce your overall risk of cancer, but it cannot guarantee you will never develop it.
Vaccines
There is no vaccine for bone cancer.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening test for bone cancer. The best way to protect your health is to be aware of persistent bone symptoms and see a doctor early.
Complications
If left untreated
- The tumour may grow larger, causing more pain and weakening the bone further
- Cancer cells may spread to other parts of the body, most commonly the lungs
- A weakened bone may break, which can limit movement and independence
Long-term outlook
The outlook for bone cancer has improved a lot in recent decades. Many people are treated successfully, especially when the cancer is found early. Survival depends on the type, stage and treatment response. Even when a cure is not possible, treatment can control the disease and manage symptoms for a long time. Your care team will be honest with you about what is realistic and will support you through every step.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- NHS.UK ↗ · United Kingdom
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.