Bones

Overview

Bones are the living framework of your body. They support you, help you move, protect your organs, and store important minerals. Bone health matters at every age. Common bone problems include fractures, osteoporosis, and conditions that cause bone pain.

Yes. Bone problems are very common. Around 1 in 2 women and 1 in 4 men over 50 will break a bone due to osteoporosis in their lifetime.

Bone conditions can affect anyone, but they become more common with age, especially after 50. Women after menopause, people with a family history, and those with certain medical conditions or medications are at higher risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Bone pain or tenderness
• Swelling or deformity
• Difficulty moving a limb
• A bone that breaks more easily than expected
• Back pain or height loss over time

Symptoms in children

• Limping or refusing to put weight on a leg
• Unexplained pain or swelling
• Frequent fractures from minor falls

Symptoms in older adults

• A fall that causes a break
• Loss of height or a stooped posture
• Sudden back or hip pain

Causes

Main causes

• Injury or trauma, such as a fall or accident
• Osteoporosis, a condition that makes bone weak and brittle
• Infection in the bone
• Tumours or cancer that has spread to bone
• Inherited conditions that affect bone structure

Risk factors

• Getting older
• Being female and post-menopausal
• Low intake of calcium and vitamin D
• Smoking or drinking too much alcohol
• Long-term use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids
• Family history of osteoporosis or fractures

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• A possible broken bone from any fall or injury
• Sudden bone pain without a clear cause
• Pain that stops you from doing daily activities

Book a routine appointment if:

• A new backache that lasts more than a few weeks
• Height loss or a curving spine
• Fractures after minor bumps or falls

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and any family history. They will examine the area and may arrange tests to assess bone strength or look for damage.

Tests that may be done

• X-ray to look for breaks or damage
• DEXA scan, a special low-dose X-ray that measures bone density
• Blood tests to check calcium, vitamin D, or other levels
• MRI or CT scan if more detail is needed

What to expect at your appointment

Most bone checks are quick and painless. X-rays and scans are usually done at a clinic or hospital, and you will be told how to prepare before the test.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause, the bones affected, and your overall health. The goal is usually to relieve pain, help the bone heal, and prevent future problems.

Self-care at home

• Rest and protect the injured area while it heals
• Apply ice wrapped in a cloth to reduce swelling
• Keep the limb raised when possible
• Follow your doctor's advice about safe movement and gentle exercises
• Eat a balanced diet with enough calcium and vitamin D

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend pain relief, bone-strengthening medicines, and physical therapy. In some cases, they may treat an underlying condition or adjust medicines that weaken bones. Always discuss any treatment plan with your healthcare provider.

When is surgery considered?

Some fractures need surgery to hold the bone in place with metal pins, plates, or rods. Surgery may also be needed for severe breaks, infected bone, or when a joint is damaged.

Living with this condition

You can live well with a bone condition by taking sensible precautions to avoid falls, keeping follow-up appointments, and using support devices if recommended. Healing takes time, so be patient and pace yourself.

Lifestyle tips

• Do regular weight-bearing activities, such as walking, dancing, or climbing stairs
• Strengthen your muscles with gentle resistance training
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
• Make your home safer by removing loose rugs and improving lighting

Diet and exercise

Your bones need calcium, vitamin D, and protein. Good sources include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, fortified foods, and fish. Weight-bearing exercise and balance training help keep bones strong and prevent falls.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with bone pain, a fracture, or a diagnosis like osteoporosis can be stressful and can affect your mood. It is normal to feel anxious or low at times. Sharing your worries with a trusted friend, family member, or a health professional can help.

Prevention

Many bone problems can be prevented or delayed. A bone-friendly diet, regular weight-bearing exercise, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol all help. Preventing falls is also key, especially for older adults.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine that prevents bone conditions. Staying up to date with recommended vaccines, however, helps prevent illnesses that could affect your overall health.

Screening programmes

Screening for weak bones is usually done with a DEXA scan. Talk to your doctor about whether a bone density test is right for you, especially if you are 65 or older or have risk factors.

Complications

If left untreated

• Weak bones that break easily with minor falls
• Height loss and a curved spine
• Chronic pain and reduced mobility
• Bone infection that can spread or worsen
• Complications from a fracture, such as a blood clot

Long-term outlook

With the right care, most bone conditions can be managed well. Simple changes to diet, activity, and fall prevention can make a real difference. Your healthcare team can help you protect your bones and stay active.

Find support

External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.