Breast Cancer In Men

Overview

Breast cancer in men is a rare type of cancer that starts in the breast tissue. Even though men have small amounts of breast tissue, cancer can still form there. It usually appears as a lump under the nipple or areola. It is treatable, especially when found early.

No. Breast cancer in men is rare. For every 100 breast cancer cases, less than 1 is in men. In the UK, around 350–400 men are diagnosed each year.

Men of any age can get breast cancer, but it is most often diagnosed in men over 60. Men with a family history of breast cancer or certain genetic changes can get it at younger ages.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• A lump or thickening in the breast, chest, or armpit
• Discharge from the nipple, sometimes bloody
• A sore or ulcer on the skin of the breast that does not heal
• The nipple turning inward (inverted nipple)
• Redness, scaling, or puckering of the breast skin

Causes

Main causes

• We do not know exactly what causes breast cancer in men. It happens when cells in the breast tissue grow out of control. Certain factors can increase the chance, but many men with these factors never get it.

Risk factors

• Getting older (most cases are in men over 60)
• Having a close relative (father, brother, son) with breast cancer
• Inheriting altered genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2
• Having a condition that raises oestrogen levels, like Klinefelter syndrome or severe liver disease
• Radiation to the chest area in the past
• Obesity

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you notice a new lump in your breast or armpit, nipple discharge, or a change in the skin of your breast.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have an ongoing breast symptom that worries you, even if it is not painful.

Diagnosis

Your GP or breast clinic doctor will ask about your symptoms and examine your chest. If needed, they will refer you to a breast clinic for imaging and possibly a biopsy.

Tests that may be done

• Clinical breast exam
• Imaging tests such as mammogram or ultrasound
• A biopsy – taking a small sample of the lump to look at under a microscope
• If cancer is found, tests on the biopsy sample may look for hormone receptors and genetic changes.

What to expect at your appointment

You will usually be seen in a specialist breast clinic. The doctor will explain each step. A biopsy might feel like a needle pinch. Waiting for results can be stressful, but the team will support you.

Treatment

Treatment for breast cancer in men is very similar to breast cancer in women. Your plan will depend on the size and type of cancer, whether it has spread, and your general health.

Self-care at home

• Keep your wound clean and follow dressing advice if you have surgery
• Tell your care team about any side effects of treatment
• Rest when you need to and ask for help from family or friends

Medical treatments

Treatments may include surgery to remove the cancer, radiation therapy (high-energy rays), hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. Some men also receive medicines that lower hormone levels. The exact combination is personal to your situation and will be discussed by your cancer team.

When is surgery considered?

Most men have surgery to remove the cancer. Sometimes the whole breast is removed (mastectomy). The lymph nodes under the arm may also be checked and removed if needed.

Living with this condition

After treatment, you will have regular check-ups. You may have a scar on your chest. Some men find it helpful to talk about how their body image has changed. It's normal to feel tired during treatment.

Lifestyle tips

• Follow up with your care team as scheduled
• Tell your doctor about any new breast symptoms or changes
• Consider talking to a counsellor if you feel low
• Limit alcohol and keep active within your energy levels

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help you feel better during and after treatment. Gentle exercise like walking or swimming can keep up your strength and lift your mood. Always ask your team before starting something new.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming. Anxiety, sadness, and fear are common. Remember that support is available: your healthcare team, counsellors, or support groups. You do not have to cope with it alone.

Prevention

There is no definite way to prevent breast cancer in men. However, keeping a healthy weight, avoiding unnecessary chest radiation, and knowing your family history can help you be aware of your risk.

Complications

If left untreated

• The cancer can grow and spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs
• It can become harder to treat when discovered later
• Breast cancer that spreads can cause pain or symptoms such as bone pain or fatigue

Long-term outlook

The outlook for men with breast cancer is good if it is found early. Treatment has improved a lot in recent years. Your age and overall health also matter. Even if the cancer has spread, treatment can control it for a long time and maintain quality of life.

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