Breast Reconstruction And Mastectomy

Overview

A mastectomy is surgery to remove all or part of the breast. Breast reconstruction is a procedure to rebuild the shape of the breast after mastectomy. Most often these are done as part of breast cancer treatment.

Breast cancer is common, and many people face the choice of mastectomy. Reconstruction is also common for those who want it.

It mostly affects women, but men can have breast cancer too. It can happen at any age, but it is more common in older adults.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• A new lump or thickening in the breast
• Change in breast size or shape
• Dimpling or puckering of the skin
• Nipple changes, such as turning inward
• Persistent breast pain or swelling
• Bloody or unusual discharge from the nipple

Symptoms in children

• Breast cancer is extremely rare in children. These procedures are not used in children.

Symptoms in older adults

• Same warning signs as other adults, but older adults may also have fatigue, unintended weight loss, or skin changes.

Causes

Main causes

• Breast cancer: the most common reason for mastectomy
• Risk-reducing surgery for those with very high genetic risk
• Severe breast pain or inflammation that does not respond to other treatment

Risk factors

• Getting older
• Having a family history of breast cancer
• Carrying certain gene changes like BRCA1 or BRCA2
• Previous radiation to the chest
• Hormone replacement therapy use

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you notice a new breast lump, skin changes, or unusual nipple discharge, see a doctor without delay

Book a routine appointment if:

• Regular breast checks and screening to stay ahead of problems

Diagnosis

To decide if mastectomy is right, doctors use imaging, biopsies, and genetic tests. Then you are referred to a surgical specialist.

Tests that may be done

• Mammogram or ultrasound to look at the breast
• Biopsy to remove a small piece of tissue for testing
• MRI in some cases
• Genetic counseling and blood test to check for inherited gene changes

What to expect at your appointment

You will meet with your surgical team to discuss options. They will explain imaging results, your cancer risk, and ask about your values and preferences.

Treatment

Mastectomy is the surgical removal of the whole breast. Reconstruction uses the body's own tissue or implants to rebuild the shape. You may also have radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy as part of your overall breast cancer treatment.

Self-care at home

• Rest and let your body heal for several weeks after surgery
• Follow the surgeon's wound care instructions
• Do gentle shoulder and arm exercises as advised to keep movement
• Ask for help with daily tasks during recovery
• Wear a comfortable, non-wired bra that is not too tight

Medical treatments

In addition to surgery, you may receive therapy such as targeted medicines, hormone therapy, or radiation. Your care team will plan the right approach for your specific cancer type and stage. They will talk with you about benefits and side effects before starting anything.

When is surgery considered?

Mastectomy itself is the main surgery. Reconstruction may be done immediately after mastectomy or in a separate operation months later. You and your surgeon will decide together.

Living with this condition

After recovery, many people adapt well. You may need a breast form or padding if you choose not to have reconstruction. Regular checkups and viewing your body in a new way take time.

Lifestyle tips

• Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity for several weeks after surgery
• Keep moving early on with light walking to improve circulation
• Do your recommended exercises to keep your shoulder and arm flexible
• Give up smoking to help your wound heal and lower scar problems

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with protein, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to help healing. Aim to keep active as your energy grows; start with gentle walking and build up.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel sad, anxious, or changed after breast surgery. You may feel your body looks different. Talking with a counselor or a support group can help you process these feelings.

Prevention

Breast cancer cannot always be prevented. But mastectomy can greatly reduce the risk of cancer in separate breasts for some people who are very high risk. You should always seek medical advice to determine your personal risk.

Vaccines

There are no vaccines that prevent breast cancer.

Screening programmes

Mammograms (X-ray pictures of the breast) are used to find cancer early. Ask your doctor when and how often you should be screened based on your risk.

Complications

If left untreated

• If breast cancer is not treated, it can spread to other parts of the body and be more dangerous. Mastectomy, along with other treatments, aims to remove the cancer.

Long-term outlook

Most people recover well from mastectomy and reconstruction. Many live without the cancer coming back. With modern care, the outlook has improved greatly. Reconstruction helps restore confidence for many.

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