Causes Of Mesothelioma

Overview

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the thin layer of tissue that covers many of your internal organs. This layer is called the mesothelium. The most common place for it to start is the lining of the lungs, called the pleura.

No. Mesothelioma is rare. About 2,500 people are diagnosed with it in the UK each year.

It affects men more than women, and most people diagnosed are over 75. It is more common in people who have worked with asbestos, especially in construction, shipbuilding, and manufacturing.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Shortness of breath that gradually gets worse
• Pain in the chest or lower back
• A cough that does not go away
• Unexplained weight loss
• Feeling very tired (fatigue)

Causes

Main causes

• Exposure to asbestos fibres is the main cause. When these tiny fibres are in the air, they can be inhaled, and over time they can damage the mesothelium and cause cancer.
• In rare cases, exposure to a mineral called erionite or to radiation to the chest may also increase the risk.
• In some cases, there is no clear cause; this is more likely in people who have never been exposed to asbestos.

Risk factors

• Working in jobs where asbestos was used, such as construction, plumbing, shipbuilding, or car brake repair
• Living with someone who works with asbestos, because fibres can be carried home on clothing
• Having a family history of mesothelioma
• Smoking, which does not directly cause mesothelioma but increases the risk of other asbestos-related cancers

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden or severe shortness of breath, severe chest pain, or are coughing up blood, call your local emergency number right away.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have a cough that lasts more than three weeks, or if you have chest pain, tiredness, or weight loss that does not get better, make an appointment with your GP.

Diagnosis

If your GP suspects mesothelioma, they will refer you to a specialist at the hospital. The specialist will ask about your medical history and any asbestos exposure, examine you, and arrange tests.

Tests that may be done

• Chest X-ray
• CT scan (a detailed scan of your body)
• Blood tests
• A biopsy (a small sample of tissue is taken and looked at under a microscope)

What to expect at your appointment

Before tests, the doctor will explain what will happen and any risks. If you are diagnosed, a team of specialists will talk to you about the results and plan your care. You may be asked to bring a family member or friend for support.

Treatment

Treatment for mesothelioma depends on how far the cancer has spread, your general health, and your wishes. The aim is often to control the disease, reduce symptoms, and help you live as comfortably as possible.

Self-care at home

• Stop smoking if you smoke, as it can help you breathe better and lower the risk of other complications
• Stay as active as you can within your limits — gentle walks or stretches can help with energy and mood
• Talk to your family and friends about what you need — you do not have to manage alone

Medical treatments

Doctors may offer surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. These treatments are given by specialist teams and aim to shrink the cancer or slow its growth. Your healthcare team will discuss the best plan for you, including any clinical trials that might be suitable.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery may be considered for some people with early-stage mesothelioma that has not spread. It is a major operation, and doctors will only offer it if they believe it is likely to help.

Living with this condition

Living with mesothelioma means regular check-ups, managing symptoms, and planning ahead. Ask your specialist team about services to help you with home care, daily tasks, and support for your family.

Lifestyle tips

• Get support to stop smoking — your GP or practice nurse can help
• Keep a record of your symptoms to discuss with your care team
• Consider joining a support group; sharing experiences can be very helpful
• Make a plan for your day that includes rest periods

Diet and exercise

Try to eat small, regular meals and include protein-rich foods like eggs, beans, or chicken. Gentle activity such as short walks can improve your energy and mood. Ask your care team for advice before starting anything new.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Being diagnosed with mesothelioma can be distressing. It is normal to feel anxious, low, or overwhelmed. Talk to your GP about support, and do not be afraid to ask for help from a counsellor or psychologist.

Prevention

The best way to prevent mesothelioma is to avoid breathing in asbestos. If you work in a job that may expose you to asbestos, follow safety rules, wear protective equipment, and report any damaged materials. Asbestos is now banned in many countries, but old buildings may still contain it.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine to prevent mesothelioma.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for the general public. People who have had high exposure to asbestos may have regular chest scans, but this is decided on an individual basis.

Complications

If left untreated

• Fluid can build up around the lungs, making it very hard to breathe
• The cancer can spread to nearby tissues and organs
• Pain can become more serious without treatment

Long-term outlook

Mesothelioma is a serious disease, and it cannot usually be cured. However, treatment is improving, and many people live for several years after diagnosis. Your healthcare team will focus on helping you live as well as possible and controlling symptoms. There is always hope, and you will not be alone — support is available at every step.

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