Cervical Screening
Overview
Cervical screening, sometimes called a smear test, is a check-up to look at the health of your cervix — the lower part of the womb that opens into the vagina. It checks for abnormal cells that could turn into cancer in the future. It is not a test for cancer itself.
Key facts
- It can prevent cervical cancer by finding and treating abnormal cells early.
- It's a quick procedure done by a GP, nurse, or trained healthcare professional.
- You only need to go every 3 to 5 years if your results are normal.
Yes, cervical screening is very common. In the UK, almost 3 in 4 eligible people take up the test when invited.
Anyone with a cervix between the ages of about 25 and 64. This includes women, transgender men, and non-binary people who still have a cervix.
Symptoms
- Heavy bleeding that soaks more than one pad per hour
- Fainting or severe dizziness with bleeding
- Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain
- ⚠Bleeding between periods or after sex that is new to you
- ⚠Unusual vaginal discharge with a foul smell
- ⚠Pelvic pain that does not go away
Common symptoms
- Unusual vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge, especially if it has a strong smell or changes color
- Pain during sex
- Pelvic pain that is not related to your normal cycle
Symptoms in children
- Cervical screening is not for people under 25. If a young person has symptoms like unusual bleeding or discharge, they should see a doctor for advice, but it is rarely a cause for concern.
Symptoms in older adults
- People over 65 who have had regular normal screenings may no longer be invited. But if you notice any abnormal bleeding or pain after menopause, tell your doctor promptly.
Causes
Main causes
- Most cervical cell changes are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common virus passed through skin-to-skin contact during sex. Often the body clears it by itself, but sometimes it causes cells to become abnormal.
Risk factors
- Infection with high-risk HPV
- Smoking, which makes it harder for the body to clear HPV
- Having a weakened immune system (for example, due to HIV or medicines that suppress immunity)
- Having a history of certain sexually transmitted infections
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge that is new or persistent
- Pelvic pain that does not go away
Book a routine appointment if:
- Attend cervical screening when invited, usually between ages 25 and 64.
Diagnosis
Cervical screening is done by taking a small sample of cells from the surface of the cervix. The sample is sent to a laboratory to check for HPV and any abnormal cells.
Tests that may be done
- An HPV test, which looks for the virus that can cause cell changes
- A cytology test (sometimes called a smear), which looks at the cells themselves
- If results are abnormal, you may be referred for a colposcopy — a detailed look at the cervix with a special microscope
What to expect at your appointment
You lie on your back with your knees bent and apart. A smooth speculum (a plastic or metal tube) is gently inserted into your vagina so the practitioner can see the cervix. A soft brush collects some cells. It can be a bit uncomfortable but only takes a few minutes. You can ask the practitioner to stop at any time.
Treatment
Most abnormal results do not mean you have cancer. Often the changes go away on their own. If they do not, there are simple treatments to remove the abnormal cells and prevent cancer developing.
Self-care at home
- Keep attending your regular screening appointments
- If you have symptoms like bleeding, don't wait for your next screening — see a doctor
- Ask your doctor about anything you don't understand, including the meaning of your results
Medical treatments
Treatments for abnormal cells include a loop excision (removing a small piece of tissue with a thin wire loop), cryotherapy (freezing the cells), or laser therapy. These are usually done in a clinic and do not require a hospital stay. Your doctor will explain which option, if any, is right for you.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is only needed if abnormal cells have gone deeper or if cancer is found. In that case, you will be seen by a specialist team who will discuss all options with you. Most early-stage cervical cancer is very treatable.
Living with this condition
After screening, you can resume normal activities immediately. If you have treatment, you may have some spotting or discharge for a few days. Follow your doctor's advice about how to care for yourself.
Lifestyle tips
- Stop smoking if you smoke — it helps your body clear HPV
- Use condoms to reduce your risk of HPV and other STIs
- Keep up with your screening invitations and any follow-up appointments
Diet and exercise
Evidence suggests a healthy diet and regular exercise can strengthen your immune system and help your body fight off HPV. Aim for plenty of fruit and vegetables, and try to stay active most days.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Waiting for results or having an abnormal result can feel worrying. Remember that most abnormal results are not cancer, and screening exists precisely to stop cancer before it starts. If you feel anxious, it can help to talk to your doctor or a trusted friend.
Prevention
Yes, cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Regular screening catches abnormal cells early, and the HPV vaccine prevents the most common cancer-causing strains.
Vaccines
The HPV vaccine is offered to young people around age 12-13 in the UK. It protects against the types of HPV that cause the majority of cervical cancers. It does not replace the need for screening, but it significantly reduces risk.
Screening programmes
Regular cervical screening is the best protection. In the UK, people with a cervix are invited from age 25. Screening intervals depend on age: usually every 3 years from 25 to 49, and every 5 years from 50 to 64.
Complications
If left untreated
- Abnormal cells can, over time, develop into cervical cancer
- Cervical cancer can spread to nearby tissues and other parts of the body
- Treatment for more advanced cancer may require surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy
Long-term outlook
With regular screening, the risk of cervical cancer is very low. Most abnormal cells are treated successfully without ever becoming cancer. If cervical cancer is found early, it is highly treatable. The outlook for people who are diagnosed and treated in the early stages is excellent.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Sources and guidance
Sources used for this article include the references listed below.
Last updated: October 20, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Guidance may differ by country or region. Confirm local recommendations with a qualified healthcare provider.