Chronic fatigue living patient overview

Overview

Chronic fatigue syndrome (also called myalgic encephalomyelitis or ME/CFS) is a long-term condition that makes you feel extremely tired, even after rest. This tiredness is not like normal tiredness—it can get worse after physical or mental activity, and it does not go away with sleep.

Yes, chronic fatigue syndrome affects about 0.2% to 2.6% of people around the world. It can affect anyone, but it is more common in women and people in their 40s and 50s.

Chronic fatigue syndrome can affect people of any age, including children and older adults. However, it is more often diagnosed in women than in men. It sometimes runs in families.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Severe tiredness that lasts at least 6 months and gets worse after physical or mental activity (post-exertional malaise)
• Unrefreshing sleep
• Problems with memory or concentration (often called 'brain fog')
• Pain in muscles and joints without swelling
• Headaches of a new type or pattern
• Sore throat or tender lymph nodes in the neck or armpits
• Dizziness when standing up or sitting up from lying down

Symptoms in children

• Children may have similar symptoms to adults, but they might complain more of stomach aches or headaches.
• They often find it hard to keep up with schoolwork or play.
• Some children feel very tired after even small amounts of activity.

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults may have more joint pain and muscle aches.
• They may have difficulty walking or climbing stairs.
• Memory problems can be more noticeable and may be mistaken for normal aging.

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is unknown, but it often starts after a viral infection like the flu or glandular fever.
• Some research suggests the immune system may not work properly in people with chronic fatigue syndrome.
• Stressful events or hormonal changes may also play a role.

Risk factors

• Being female
• Being between 40 and 60 years old
• Having a family member with chronic fatigue syndrome
• Having a previous infection, especially with Epstein-Barr virus (the virus that causes glandular fever)
• Experiencing severe physical or emotional stress

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have severe shortness of breath or chest pain
• If you suddenly feel very confused or pass out

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have had extreme tiredness for more than 6 months that stops you from doing your normal activities
• If you have other symptoms like muscle pain, headaches, or trouble thinking
• If you have had a recent infection and you are still very tired several weeks later

Diagnosis

There is no single test for chronic fatigue syndrome. A doctor will listen to your symptoms, ask about your health history, and do a physical exam. They will also check for other conditions that could cause tiredness, like anaemia, thyroid problems, or sleep disorders.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to rule out other conditions
• Urine tests
• Sometimes tests for infections or hormone levels

What to expect at your appointment

Diagnosis can take time because your doctor needs to see if your symptoms last long enough (usually at least 6 months) and make sure nothing else explains them. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, such as a rheumatologist or a clinic that specialises in chronic fatigue.

Treatment

Treatment aims to help you manage symptoms and improve your quality of life. There is no cure, but many people find ways to feel better and stay active within their limits. Treatment is usually tailored to your specific symptoms.

Self-care at home

• Pace your activities — learn to balance rest and activity so you don’t overdo it.
• Keep a daily diary of how you feel to find patterns and triggers.
• Try gentle stretching or relaxation exercises, but avoid pushing yourself too hard.
• Set realistic daily goals and celebrate small achievements.

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend treatments such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to help you cope with the condition, or graded exercise therapy (GET) under supervision to slowly increase your activity. Some people benefit from medicines for pain, sleep problems, or mood issues, but always talk to your doctor before taking anything. No specific drugs are approved for chronic fatigue syndrome itself.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not used to treat chronic fatigue syndrome. In rare cases, if another condition like sleep apnoea is found, surgery might be needed for that, but it will not fix the fatigue itself.

Living with this condition

Living with chronic fatigue syndrome means learning to manage your energy. Some days you may feel better and do more, other days you may need to rest. It helps to plan your day and take breaks. Accept that you may not be able to do everything you used to do.

Lifestyle tips

• Ask for help with heavy chores or work tasks.
• Use energy-saving tips like sitting while you cook or using a stool in the shower.
• Join a support group to share tips and encouragement.
• Let your family and friends know how they can support you.

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoid skipping meals. As for exercise, listen to your body. Even a short walk or gentle stretching can help, but avoid pushing yourself to the point of crashing. Work with a physical therapist if possible.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel frustrated, sad, or anxious when you have a long-term condition. These feelings can make fatigue worse. If you are struggling, talk to your doctor or a counsellor. If you ever feel like hurting yourself, please call your local crisis number right away. You deserve support.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent chronic fatigue syndrome. However, taking care of your general health—eating well, staying active, managing stress, and getting enough sleep—may reduce the risk of severe fatigue after an illness.

Vaccines

No, there is no vaccine to prevent chronic fatigue syndrome. Stay up to date with recommended vaccines (like flu and COVID‑19) to lower your chance of infections that might trigger it.

Screening programmes

No screening test exists. If you have symptoms, see your doctor for an evaluation.

Complications

If left untreated

• Worsening fatigue and difficulty doing daily tasks
• Social isolation or problems at work or school
• Depression or anxiety
• Increased risk of other health problems from being less active

Long-term outlook

Living with chronic fatigue syndrome can be challenging, but many people improve over time. With the right management, you can learn to live well within your limits. New research is ongoing, and healthcare providers are learning more about how to help. Stay hopeful and take it one day at a time.

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