Concussion recovery
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow or jolt to the head or body. It temporarily affects how your brain works.
Key facts
- Most people recover fully within a few weeks, but recovery time can vary.
- Rest is important in the first 24–48 hours, followed by a gradual return to normal activities.
- You should not return to sports or high-risk activities until a healthcare provider says it's safe.
Yes, concussions are very common. They can happen during sports, falls, car accidents, or any situation where the head is hit forcefully.
Concussions can happen to anyone, but they are more common in children, teenagers, and athletes. Older adults are also at higher risk from falls.
Symptoms
- Loss of consciousness (even briefly)
- Repeated vomiting
- A severe headache that gets worse
- Seizures (fits)
- Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg
- Slurred speech
- One pupil larger than the other
- Unusual behaviour or confusion that is getting worse
- ⚠Headache that does not go away with rest
- ⚠Vomiting once
- ⚠Feeling very drowsy or hard to wake up
- ⚠Difficulty with memory or thinking that does not improve
Common symptoms
- Headache or a feeling of pressure in the head
- Dizziness or balance problems
- Nausea or vomiting
- Blurred or double vision
- Confusion or feeling 'foggy'
- Sensitivity to light or noise
- Trouble concentrating or remembering
- Feeling tired or having low energy
Symptoms in children
- Crying more than usual or being irritable
- Changes in eating or sleeping patterns
- Sad mood or lack of interest in favourite toys
- Loss of balance or unsteady walking
- Telling you that something doesn't 'feel right'
Symptoms in older adults
- Worsening of existing memory problems or confusion
- Slower reaction times
- Dizziness leading to falls
- Headache that is less noticeable than in younger people
- Behaviour changes such as being more withdrawn or anxious
Causes
Main causes
- A direct blow to the head from a fall, accident, or collision
- A sudden jolt or whiplash that makes the brain hit the inside of the skull
- Sports injuries, especially in contact sports like football, rugby, or hockey
Risk factors
- Playing contact sports without proper protective gear
- Having had a previous concussion (increases risk of another)
- Being young (children and teenagers are more vulnerable)
- Being an older adult (balance problems and falls are more common)
- Activities with high risk of falls (e.g., cycling, climbing, or skiing)
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Any symptoms listed under 'callEmergency' should be assessed immediately by calling your local emergency number.
- Worsening headache or repeated vomiting
- Increasing drowsiness or confusion
Book a routine appointment if:
- If symptoms last longer than a few days or are not improving
- If you have trouble with memory, concentration, or feelings of depression
- Before returning to sports or strenuous activities
Diagnosis
A healthcare provider will ask about how the injury happened, your symptoms, and examine your brain and nerve function. They may also test your balance, vision, and memory.
Tests that may be done
- Neurological exam to check reflexes, coordination, and eye movements
- Cognitive test (e.g., asking questions to check memory and concentration)
- Imaging tests like a CT scan or MRI are not routine but may be used if there are signs of a more serious injury (e.g., bleeding on the brain)
What to expect at your appointment
The diagnosis is usually made based on your history and exam. You may be advised to rest for a day or two and then slowly return to normal activities as tolerated. Your doctor will give you a recovery plan.
Treatment
The main treatment for a concussion is rest – both physical and mental. After the first 24–48 hours, you should gradually return to your normal activities, stopping if symptoms come back.
Self-care at home
- Rest: take it easy for the first day or two. Avoid activities that make symptoms worse.
- Limit screen time: reduce time on phones, computers, and TV for the first few days.
- Get plenty of sleep and avoid staying up late.
- Use simple pain relief for headaches only if advised by a healthcare provider.
- Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs as they can slow recovery.
- Gradually increase activity: after rest, try light walking or household tasks before returning to work or school.
Medical treatments
Medical treatment focuses on managing symptoms. Your healthcare provider may recommend ways to manage headaches, dizziness, or sleep problems. They will also monitor your recovery and decide when it's safe to return to sports or work. No medication should be taken without medical advice, as some can increase the risk of bleeding.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is very rarely needed for concussion itself. It is only considered if there is a more serious brain injury, such as bleeding or swelling that puts pressure on the brain.
Living with this condition
During recovery, take frequent breaks. If symptoms get worse, slow down. It's normal to feel frustrated or tired. Plan your day to include rest periods.
Lifestyle tips
- Avoid sports, heavy lifting, or any activity that could cause another blow to the head.
- Return to work or school gradually – start with half-days or less demanding tasks.
- Avoid driving until you feel fully alert and a healthcare provider says it's safe.
- Say no to activities that need intense concentration until symptoms are gone.
Diet and exercise
Eat a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and water. Avoid large meals if you feel nauseous. Light exercise like walking can begin once symptoms have improved, but avoid anything that jolts your head.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Concussion can affect your mood, causing irritability, anxiety, or sadness. This is normal and usually gets better as you recover. Talk to your doctor if you feel depressed or overwhelmed.
Prevention
You can lower your risk of concussion by wearing appropriate head protection (helmets) during sports and cycling, using seatbelts in cars, and making your home safer to prevent falls (use handrails, remove trip hazards).
Complications
If left untreated
- Post-concussion syndrome: symptoms that last for weeks or months
- Second impact syndrome: a rare but serious condition if you get another concussion before the first has healed
- Long-term memory or concentration problems in some cases
Long-term outlook
The outlook for concussion is very good. Most people recover fully within 2–4 weeks. Following your healthcare provider's advice and taking it slow can help you get back to your normal life.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.