Conjunctivitis
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the thin, clear layer of tissue that lines the inside of your eyelid and covers the white part of your eye. This layer is called the conjunctiva. It is often called 'pink eye'.
Key facts
- Most cases are caused by a virus and get better on their own.
- It is highly contagious, especially in the early stages.
- Bacterial conjunctivitis may require antibiotic treatment, but many cases clear without it.
Yes, conjunctivitis is very common. Many people will have it at least once in their lives.
It can affect anyone, but it is more common in children and people who wear contact lenses.
Symptoms
- Sudden severe eye pain
- Sudden vision loss or blurry vision that does not go away
- Extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia) that makes it hard to keep your eyes open
- ⚠Symptoms that last more than a few days without improvement
- ⚠If you wear contact lenses and have a red, painful, or irritated eye (risk of corneal infection)
- ⚠Thick, yellow-green discharge that suggests a bacterial infection
Common symptoms
- Redness in one or both eyes
- Itchy or burning sensation
- Watery or thick discharge (pus)
- Crusting on eyelashes, especially in the morning
- Feeling like there is something in your eye
Symptoms in children
- Symptoms are similar to adults, but children often have more discharge and sticky eyes in the morning.
- They may also have a fever or cold symptoms.
Symptoms in older adults
- Redness may be less obvious, but they may experience more tearing or discomfort.
- Older adults are more likely to have dry eye alongside conjunctivitis.
Causes
Main causes
- Viral infection (most common, often associated with colds)
- Bacterial infection (less common, often produces more pus)
- Allergic reactions (to pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or contact lens solution)
- Irritants (smoke, chlorine, makeup, or fumes)
Risk factors
- Close contact with someone who has conjunctivitis
- Poor hand hygiene, especially after touching your eyes
- Wearing contact lenses, especially if not cleaned properly or worn overnight
- Exposure to allergens like pollen or dust
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have severe eye pain, vision changes, or extreme light sensitivity
- If you wear contact lenses and have a red or painful eye
Book a routine appointment if:
- If symptoms last longer than a week
- If you have a lot of thick, yellow-green discharge
- If you have a weakened immune system (e.g., from chemotherapy or HIV)
Diagnosis
A doctor will examine your eyes and ask about your symptoms. They will look for redness, discharge, and swelling of the conjunctiva.
Tests that may be done
- Visual acuity test (reading letters on a chart)
- Slit-lamp examination (a microscope with a bright light to look at your eye closely)
- Swab of the discharge to test for bacteria or viruses (if needed)
What to expect at your appointment
The examination is painless and usually quick. The doctor may use anaesthetic eye drops to make the exam more comfortable.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause. Viral conjunctivitis usually clears on its own. Bacterial conjunctivitis may be treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment. Allergic conjunctivitis is treated by avoiding triggers and using antihistamine drops.
Self-care at home
- Apply a clean, warm compress to your eyes for a few minutes several times a day.
- Clean your eyelids with a damp cloth to remove discharge.
- Avoid touching or rubbing your eyes.
- Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
- Throw away any eye makeup you used before the infection and replace it after healing.
Medical treatments
For bacterial conjunctivitis, a doctor may prescribe antibiotic eye drops or ointment. For allergic conjunctivitis, antihistamine eye drops or oral antihistamines may be recommended. Viral conjunctivitis does not respond to antibiotics; it resolves on its own.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is rarely needed for conjunctivitis. It may be considered only if there is a complication, such as scarring of the conjunctiva or cornea.
Living with this condition
To prevent spreading the infection, stay home from work, school, or childcare until your symptoms have improved – usually a few days. Avoid swimming and using contact lenses until fully healed.
Lifestyle tips
- Use separate towels and washcloths from other family members.
- Change your pillowcase every day while you have symptoms.
- Clean your glasses thoroughly.
- If you wear contact lenses, switch to glasses until the infection is gone. Replace your contact lens case and solution.
Diet and exercise
There is no specific diet for conjunctivitis. Eating a balanced diet supports your immune system. You can usually exercise as normal, but avoid close contact sports until symptoms improve.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Conjunctivitis can be uncomfortable and may make you feel self-conscious about your appearance. It is temporary, and most people recover fully within a week or two. If you feel anxious, talk to a trusted friend or healthcare provider.
Prevention
Yes, you can reduce your risk by washing your hands often, not touching your eyes, and not sharing towels, pillowcases, or eye makeup. If you have allergies, avoid triggers and take antihistamine as prescribed.
Complications
If left untreated
- Rarely, untreated bacterial conjunctivitis can lead to an infection of the cornea (keratitis) or scarring.
- Viral conjunctivitis almost always resolves without complications.
Long-term outlook
The outlook is excellent. Most people recover fully without any lasting problems. With proper care, symptoms usually improve within a few days to two weeks.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- NHS (UK) ↗ · United Kingdom
Helplines
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.