Dementia
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- NICE—Dementia: assessment, management and support. NG97(2023)
- NHS—Dementia(2023)
- WHO—Dementia fact sheet(2023)
- Alzheimer's International—World Alzheimer Report(2023)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Dementia is not a single disease but a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily life. It is caused by damage to brain cells, and the most common type is Alzheimer's disease.
Key facts
- Dementia is progressive, meaning symptoms usually worsen over time.
- More than 55 million people worldwide live with dementia, and the number is growing as populations age.
- There is no cure, but treatments and support can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Yes, dementia is common, especially in older adults. About 1 in 14 people over 65 have dementia, and the risk increases with age.
Dementia primarily affects people over 65, but it can also occur in younger adults (early-onset dementia). It affects people of all races, genders, and backgrounds.
Symptoms
- Sudden confusion or trouble speaking (could be a stroke).
- Sudden inability to move one side of the body.
- Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
- If the person becomes aggressive, violent, or a danger to themselves or others.
- ⚠New or worsening symptoms that develop over hours or days.
- ⚠Signs of infection (fever, cough, pain) that may worsen confusion.
- ⚠If the person falls and hits their head, especially if they are on blood-thinning medication.
Common symptoms
- Memory loss that disrupts daily life, especially forgetting recent events or important dates.
- Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home or work.
- Confusion with time or place, such as losing track of the day or getting lost in familiar places.
- Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships.
- Problems with speaking or writing, like struggling to follow a conversation or find the right word.
- Misplacing things and being unable to retrace steps to find them.
- Poor judgment or decision-making, such as giving away large sums of money.
- Withdrawal from work or social activities.
- Changes in mood or personality, such as becoming anxious, suspicious, or depressed.
Symptoms in children
- Dementia is extremely rare in children. If it occurs, it is usually due to rare genetic disorders. Symptoms may include progressive loss of memory, language, and motor skills.
Symptoms in older adults
- The symptoms listed above are common in older adults with dementia.
- Older adults may also have increased trouble with balance and walking.
- They may experience hallucinations or delusions, especially in later stages.
Causes
Main causes
- Alzheimer's disease: abnormal protein deposits damage brain cells.
- Vascular dementia: reduced blood flow to the brain due to stroke or small vessel disease.
- Lewy body dementia: abnormal protein clumps called Lewy bodies affect thinking and movement.
- Frontotemporal dementia: damage to the front and side parts of the brain, often affecting behavior and language.
- Mixed dementia: a combination of two or more types, such as Alzheimer's and vascular.
Risk factors
- Age: risk increases significantly after 65.
- Family history: having a close relative with dementia, especially certain genetic forms.
- Cardiovascular conditions: high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and smoking.
- Head injuries: repeated or severe head trauma.
- Lifestyle factors: poor diet, lack of exercise, excessive alcohol use, and social isolation.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you or a loved one have a sudden change in memory, thinking, or behavior that concerns you.
- If there is a head injury followed by confusion.
- If the person with dementia becomes very agitated, aggressive, or has hallucinations that are distressing.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you notice gradual memory or thinking problems that are affecting daily life.
- If family or friends have expressed concerns about your memory or thinking.
- If you have a family history of early-onset dementia and are under 65 with symptoms.
Diagnosis
There is no single test for dementia. A doctor will take a detailed history, do a physical exam, and run several tests to rule out other causes and assess cognitive function.
Tests that may be done
- Cognitive and memory tests, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).
- Blood tests to rule out vitamin deficiencies, thyroid problems, or infections.
- Brain imaging (CT or MRI) to look for strokes, tumors, or shrinkage in certain brain areas.
- In some cases, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to check for Alzheimer's-related proteins.
What to expect at your appointment
The diagnostic process may take several appointments. Your doctor will explain the results and, if dementia is diagnosed, discuss what type and what stage. They will help you create a care plan. You can bring a family member or friend for support.
Treatment
While there is no cure for most dementias, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment focuses on medications (to temporarily improve symptoms or slow progression), therapies, lifestyle changes, and support for both the person and their caregivers.
Self-care at home
- Maintain a routine: regular sleep, meals, and activities can reduce confusion.
- Stay socially active: visit friends, join a support group, or participate in community activities.
- Use memory aids: calendars, notes, alarms, and labeled items around the house.
- Exercise regularly: gentle activities like walking, tai chi, or chair exercises can improve mood and health.
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats.
- Manage other health conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure.
Medical treatments
Doctors may prescribe medications that can temporarily improve memory and thinking or help with mood and behavior changes. These are not cures but can help for a while. Always discuss options with your healthcare provider. Non-drug approaches like cognitive stimulation therapy and occupational therapy are also important.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not a treatment for dementia itself. However, some causes of cognitive decline (like a brain tumor or hydrocephalus) might require surgery, and those conditions may mimic dementia.
Living with this condition
Living with dementia involves adapting daily routines to maintain independence and safety. Break tasks into simple steps, have a consistent schedule, and make the home safe (remove clutter, install grab bars, lock away dangerous items). Support from family, friends, and professionals is essential.
Lifestyle tips
- Keep a positive attitude and focus on what the person can still do.
- Engage in enjoyable activities like music, gardening, or puzzles.
- Join a dementia-friendly exercise class or walking group.
- Reduce stress with relaxation techniques like deep breathing or gentle massage.
- Plan for the future: make legal and financial arrangements early.
Diet and exercise
A healthy diet and regular exercise can support brain health and overall well-being. For people with dementia, simple exercises like stretching, walking, or dancing can help maintain mobility and mood. Eating a Mediterranean-style diet (lots of vegetables, fruits, fish, and olive oil) may be beneficial.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Dementia can cause depression, anxiety, and frustration for both the person and their caregivers. It is important to acknowledge these feelings and seek help. Talking to a counselor, joining a support group, or using helplines can make a big difference. If you have thoughts of harming yourself, call your local emergency number or a crisis helpline immediately.
Prevention
Some risk factors for dementia cannot be changed (age, genetics), but up to 40% of cases may be preventable by addressing lifestyle factors. Keeping your heart healthy, staying mentally and socially active, eating well, not smoking, and limiting alcohol can all reduce your risk. However, no single behavior guarantees prevention.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening for dementia in the general population. If you have concerns, talk to your doctor about a cognitive assessment.
Complications
If left untreated
- Decline in ability to care for oneself, leading to malnutrition, falls, or infections.
- Increased risk of depression, anxiety, and agitation.
- Becoming lost or wandering, which can lead to injury or harm.
- Difficulty swallowing, which can cause pneumonia (aspiration).
- Strain on relationships and caregiver burnout.
Long-term outlook
Dementia is a progressive condition, meaning symptoms will worsen over time. However, the rate of decline varies greatly. With good care, support, and early intervention, many people can live well for years. Research is ongoing, and there is hope for better treatments in the future. Focus on quality of life and cherish the moments you have.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- Alzheimer's Society (UK) ↗ · United Kingdom
- Alzheimer's Association (US) ↗ · United States
- Dementia Australia ↗ · Australia
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.