Dementia Alzheimers Disease

Overview

Dementia is not one disease. It is a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking, and daily life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. It is a brain condition that slowly damages brain cells over time. People with Alzheimer's may forget recent events, get confused, or find it hard to do everyday tasks. It is not a normal part of aging.

Dementia is common, especially in older adults. Around the world, millions of people live with dementia, and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type.

It mostly affects people over 65, but younger people can get it too. It affects the person, family, friends, and carers.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Trouble remembering recent events
• Repeating questions or stories
• Getting lost in familiar places
• Difficulty finding words
• Problems with planning or solving problems
• Misplacing things
• Changes in mood or personality
• Withdrawal from activities

Symptoms in children

• Dementia is very rare in children. When memory or thinking problems happen in a child, doctors look for other causes first. If you are worried about a child, speak to a healthcare provider.

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults may have the same symptoms, and they may also have trouble with balance, walking, or managing money. Sudden changes in confusion are not normal—get medical help.

Causes

Main causes

• Alzheimer's disease is caused by changes in the brain, including abnormal build-up of proteins that damage brain cells.
• The exact cause is not fully understood.
• Genes can play a role, but most cases are not directly inherited.

Risk factors

• Getting older
• Family history of Alzheimer's
• Certain genes
• Heart and blood vessel problems, like high blood pressure and diabetes
• Smoking
• Hearing loss in midlife
• Lack of mental and social activity
• Head injury

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Sudden confusion or a sudden change in memory
• A fall or head injury
• Not being able to stay safe at home
• Thoughts of self-harm or harming others

Book a routine appointment if:

• Memory problems that worry you
• Changes in thinking, mood, or behavior
• Trouble with daily tasks like paying bills or cooking
• A family member notices changes

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will ask about symptoms, health history, and daily life. They may talk to family or carers. They will do a physical exam and thinking tests. They may order blood tests and a brain scan to look for other causes. Diagnosis is often a process over time.

Tests that may be done

• Questions and tasks that check memory and thinking
• Blood tests to rule out other problems
• Brain scans, such as CT or MRI
• A review of medicines and health history
• Sometimes a referral to a specialist memory clinic

What to expect at your appointment

You may have more than one appointment. It can feel worrying, but the goal is to find the cause and get the right support. Bring a family member or friend if you can.

Treatment

There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there is a lot that can help. Treatment focuses on supporting memory, mood, safety, and daily life. It also includes support for family and carers.

Self-care at home

• Keep a regular routine
• Use notes, calendars, and phone reminders
• Stay active and socially connected
• Make the home safer, like good lighting and removing loose rugs
• Eat well, drink enough water, and sleep regularly
• Ask for help and take breaks if you are a carer

Medical treatments

Doctors may suggest treatments to help with symptoms such as memory, mood, or sleep. These may include medicines, talking therapies, and support services. The care team will tailor plans to the person. Always ask a healthcare provider before starting or stopping any treatment.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a treatment for Alzheimer's disease itself. Sometimes surgery may be needed for other health problems. The care team will discuss risks and benefits.

Living with this condition

Day to day, focus on what the person can still do. Keep routines simple and familiar. Use clear, calm communication. Plan ahead for money, driving, and care needs. It is okay to ask for help.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay physically active in ways you enjoy
• Keep your mind active with puzzles, reading, or hobbies
• Stay in touch with friends and family
• Protect your sleep
• Manage blood pressure and other health conditions
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. Move your body most days—walking, gardening, or chair exercises count. Ask a healthcare provider for advice that fits your health.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel sad, worried, or angry. Dementia can affect mood and confidence. Talking to a counselor or support group can help. If you or someone you care for has thoughts of self-harm, contact your local emergency number or a crisis service right away.

Prevention

There is no sure way to prevent Alzheimer's disease. But healthy habits may lower the risk or delay symptoms. What is good for your heart is often good for your brain.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine to prevent Alzheimer's disease.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for everyone. If you have concerns, ask a healthcare provider about an assessment.

Complications

If left untreated

• More trouble with memory and daily tasks
• Higher risk of falls and injuries
• Problems with eating, drinking, and swallowing
• Behavior changes and mood problems
• More strain on family and carers

Long-term outlook

Many people live for years with Alzheimer's and continue to have meaningful moments. Early support and planning can make a real difference. Each person's journey is different, and help is available.

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