eczema overview for patients

Overview

Eczema (also called atopic dermatitis) is a common condition that makes your skin dry, itchy, and inflamed. It often flares up in cycles, and it is not contagious.

Yes, eczema is very common. It affects around one in five children and up to one in ten adults in the UK.

Eczema can start in babies and young children. Many children outgrow it, but it can also begin in adulthood. People with a family history of allergies, asthma, or hay fever are more likely to have it.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Dry, sensitive, or scaly skin
• Intense itching, especially at night
• Red or brownish patches, often on hands, face, elbows, or knees
• Small raised bumps that may leak fluid when scratched
• Thickened, cracked skin after repeated scratching

Causes

Main causes

• Eczema is not fully understood, but it is likely caused by a mix of genes, an overactive immune system, and the environment.
• In eczema, the outer layer of skin does not hold in moisture well, making it dry and easily irritated.
• The immune system may overreact to small triggers, causing redness and itching.

Risk factors

• Family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever
• Personal history of other allergic conditions
• Living in a dry, cold, or polluted environment
• Frequent exposure to harsh soaps, detergents, or rough fabrics
• Regular emotional stress

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you see signs of infection, such as pus, honey-coloured crusts, or spreading redness
• If the rash is severe, painful, or blistered
• If you feel generally unwell with a fever

Book a routine appointment if:

• If eczema is affecting your sleep or everyday activities
• If regular moisturising is not helping
• If you need help finding a treatment plan that works for you

Diagnosis

Your doctor will usually diagnose eczema by asking about your symptoms, examining your skin, and checking for a family history of eczema or allergies. There is no specific test to confirm it.

Tests that may be done

• A patch test may be done to check for contact allergies.
• Sometimes a skin swab is taken to check for a bacterial infection.
• Allergy tests are not routine, but may be considered if food or other allergies are suspected.

What to expect at your appointment

During your appointment, your doctor will look at the affected areas and may ask about your triggers, sleep, and how eczema affects your life. In most cases, the diagnosis can be made during that visit, and you can start a treatment plan together.

Treatment

Treatment for eczema focuses on repairing the skin barrier, calming inflammation, and avoiding triggers. Most people benefit from a daily skin care routine plus treatment during flare-ups.

Self-care at home

• Apply a rich, fragrance-free moisturiser at least twice a day, especially after washing.
• Take short, lukewarm showers or baths (around 5–10 minutes).
• Use gentle, fragrance-free soap substitutes.
• Pat your skin dry with a soft towel, then moisturise while skin is still damp.
• Wear loose, soft clothing made from cotton or other natural fabrics.
• Trim nails short and consider wearing soft gloves at night to reduce scratching.

Medical treatments

For flare-ups, your doctor may prescribe creams or ointments that calm the skin. For more severe eczema, they may offer light therapy or tablets that help control the immune response. Always ask your pharmacist or doctor for personalised advice, and never share prescription treatments with others.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not used to treat eczema.

Living with this condition

Living with eczema means building a daily routine that protects your skin and reduces flare-ups. It may take a little experimenting to find what works best for you, but many people manage their symptoms effectively.

Lifestyle tips

• Create a regular bathing and moisturising routine.
• Keep rooms cool and use a humidifier when the air is dry.
• Identify and avoid your personal triggers, such as certain soaps or fabrics.
• Use stress-relief activities like walking, deep breathing, or listening to music.
• Ask your pharmacist for a non-foaming soap substitute.

Diet and exercise

There is no special diet that cures eczema, but eating a healthy, balanced diet supports overall skin health. If you suspect a specific food makes your eczema worse, talk to a doctor before removing it. Regular exercise is fine; just shower and moisturise afterwards.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Eczema is not just a skin issue — it can affect sleep, confidence, and mood. It is normal to feel frustrated or worried at times. If you notice signs of anxiety or depression, please talk to a healthcare provider. If you ever have thoughts of harming yourself, call emergency services or a crisis line for immediate support.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent eczema, but you can lower the chances of a flare-up by keeping your skin moist, avoiding known triggers, and treating early signs of irritation.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for eczema, but routine vaccinations are safe and important. If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor before getting vaccinated.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening for eczema. Your doctor can diagnose it by checking your skin and asking about your medical history.

Complications

If left untreated

• Scratching can break the skin and allow bacteria to enter, leading to infection.
• Chronic itching can interfere with sleep, focus, and daily activities.
• Persistent untreated eczema may cause the skin to become thickened or darkened over time.

Long-term outlook

With the right care, eczema can be well controlled. Many children outgrow it, and adults can learn to manage flare-ups effectively. Eczema may come and go, but it should not stop you from living a happy and active life.

Find support

International organisations

• National Eczema Association ↗
• National Eczema Society ↗

Local organisations

• National Eczema Society (UK) ↗ · United Kingdom

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