Fibroids living patient overview

Overview

Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in the muscular wall of the uterus (womb). They are also called uterine leiomyomas. Fibroids can vary in size from very small (like a seed) to large (like a grapefruit) and can occur as a single growth or in clusters.

Yes, fibroids are extremely common. Experts estimate that up to 70–80% of people with a uterus will develop fibroids by age 50. Many are unaware they have them.

Fibroids most often affect people of childbearing age, especially in their 30s and 40s. They are more common in people of African descent, who also tend to have larger and more symptomatic fibroids.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
• Bleeding between periods
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Frequent urination or trouble emptying your bladder
• Lower back pain
• Pain during sex
• Constipation or bloating
• A feeling of fullness or swelling in the lower belly

Symptoms in children

• Fibroids are very rare in children, so specific symptoms are not typical.

Symptoms in older adults

• After menopause, fibroids often shrink and symptoms usually improve. However, some people may still experience bleeding or pain.

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is unknown, but fibroids are linked to the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which help the uterus grow during the menstrual cycle.
• Genetic changes in the uterine muscle cells may also play a role.

Risk factors

• Age: most common in your 30s and 40s
• Race: people of African descent are at higher risk
• Family history: having a close relative with fibroids
• Obesity or being overweight
• High blood pressure
• Starting your menstrual period at a young age
• Eating a diet low in vegetables and high in red meat

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have very heavy bleeding that causes dizziness, weakness, or shortness of breath
• If you have sudden, sharp pain in your pelvis or lower belly

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you notice changes in your menstrual cycle, such as heavier bleeding, longer periods, or bleeding between periods
• If you have ongoing pelvic pain, pressure, or bloating
• If you are having trouble getting pregnant or have had multiple miscarriages

Diagnosis

Fibroids are often found during a routine pelvic exam. If your doctor feels an irregular shape in your uterus, they may order imaging tests to confirm the diagnosis and learn more about the fibroids.

Tests that may be done

• Pelvic exam
• Ultrasound (abdominal or transvaginal) – uses sound waves to create images of the uterus
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – provides more detailed pictures
• Hysterosalpingography – an X-ray with dye to see the shape of the uterus and fallopian tubes
• Hysteroscopy – a thin camera inserted through the vagina to look inside the uterus

What to expect at your appointment

Most tests are painless and done in an office or clinic. For a transvaginal ultrasound, you may have a small probe gently placed in the vagina. You may be asked to have a full bladder for certain exams. The doctor will explain the results and discuss next steps.

Treatment

Treatment depends on your symptoms, the size and location of the fibroids, and whether you plan to become pregnant. Many fibroids need no treatment. If symptoms are bothersome, options range from medication to procedures that remove or shrink the fibroids.

Self-care at home

• Apply a heating pad or warm compress to your lower belly to relieve pain
• Rest when you feel tired or have heavy bleeding
• Use over-the-counter pain relievers (such as ibuprofen or naproxen) as directed by your doctor
• Keep a symptom diary to share with your healthcare provider

Medical treatments

Medications can help manage symptoms. Options include hormonal treatments (like birth control pills, hormonal IUDs, or medications that block or reduce hormones) and non-hormonal medicines to reduce heavy bleeding. These can shrink fibroids or control bleeding but do not make them disappear. Always discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery may be considered if fibroids cause severe symptoms, are very large, or affect fertility. Options include myomectomy (removing just the fibroids while keeping the uterus) and hysterectomy (removing the entire uterus). A hysterectomy ends the possibility of pregnancy.

Living with this condition

Many people with fibroids live normal, active lives. Tracking your symptoms and learning what helps you feel better can make a big difference. You may need to plan ahead during heavy days by having supplies ready and taking breaks.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay active with gentle exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques, meditation, or talking to a counselor
• Use heat therapy for pain
• Ask your doctor about iron supplements if you have heavy bleeding

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. Limiting red meat and alcohol may also be helpful. Staying at a healthy weight through regular exercise can lower the risk of fibroids growing larger.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Fibroids can cause anxiety, depression, or body image concerns, especially if they affect fertility or daily life. It's important to talk about these feelings with your healthcare provider or a mental health professional. If you are feeling overwhelmed, please reach out to a crisis support helpline or talk to someone you trust.

Prevention

There is no sure way to prevent fibroids, but a healthy lifestyle may lower your risk. Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a diet low in red meat and high in vegetables, and managing blood pressure can help. Regular exercise is also beneficial.

Complications

If left untreated

• Anemia (low red blood cell count) from heavy bleeding, which can cause fatigue and weakness
• Chronic pain or pressure that affects daily life
• Difficulty getting pregnant or complications during pregnancy and delivery (though most people with fibroids have healthy pregnancies)
• Urinary or bowel problems if fibroids press on the bladder or rectum

Long-term outlook

For most people, fibroids are a manageable condition. Many never need treatment, and even those with symptoms usually find relief with medication or procedures. Fibroids are not cancer and rarely become a serious threat to your health. With proper care and support, you can live well and stay active.

Find support

External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.