Genital Herpes

Overview

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can cause small, painful blisters or sores in the genital or anal area. Once you have the virus, it stays in your body for life, but many people have few or no symptoms and the infection can be managed effectively.

Yes. Genital herpes is extremely common worldwide. Millions of people live with the infection, and it has no impact on your worth or ability to have fulfilling relationships.

Anyone who is sexually active can get genital herpes, regardless of age or gender. It is most often diagnosed in younger adults, but it can appear at any stage of life.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• No symptoms at all is very common — you may have the virus without knowing it.
• Blisters or sores on the genitals, thighs, buttocks, or anus
• Itching, tingling, or burning feeling around the affected area
• Pain when passing urine
• Flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, or swollen glands
• Unusual discharge from the vagina or penis

Causes

Main causes

• Infection with either herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 usually causes cold sores but can cause genital herpes through oral sex; HSV-2 is the most common cause of genital herpes.
• The virus is passed on through skin-to-skin contact, usually during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus.
• It can be passed on even when there are no visible sores, through a process called viral shedding.

Risk factors

• Having sex without a condom (including oral sex) with a partner who has herpes
• Having multiple sexual partners
• A previous sexually transmitted infection
• A weakened immune system, which can make you more susceptible

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sores or blisters in the genital area for the first time, especially if they are painful
• If you are pregnant and have any symptoms of genital herpes
• If you are unable to pass urine
• If you have a weakened immune system and develop symptoms

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you think you have been exposed to genital herpes, even without symptoms
• If you notice any tingling, itching, or unusual sores and want to get checked
• If you have frequent outbreaks and want advice on reducing them

Diagnosis

A doctor or nurse will talk to you about your symptoms, examine the affected area carefully, and usually take a small swab from a sore or blister to test for the herpes virus. In some cases, a blood test can help, but it is not always needed.

Tests that may be done

• Swab test from a blister or sore — this is quick and painless and looks for the virus's genetic material
• Blood test — this checks for antibodies to the virus and may be used if you have no active sores

What to expect at your appointment

The examination is straightforward and only needs to look at the affected area. Swabs take just a few seconds. You will know the result within a few days, and the clinic or practice will explain what happens next with care.

Treatment

Treatment cannot remove the virus from your body, but it can help heal sores sooner, reduce pain, and lower the chance of passing the infection to someone else. For many people, managing outbreaks with simple measures is enough.

Self-care at home

• Keep the affected area clean and dry, and gently pat it dry with your own towel
• Soak in a warm bath (with plain water) to ease discomfort
• Wear loose, breathable cotton underwear to reduce irritation
• Wash your hands well after touching the area, and don't pick at blisters
• Ask your pharmacist about pain relief options if you are uncomfortable
• Avoid vaginal, anal, or oral sex until all sores have completely healed

Medical treatments

A doctor may prescribe antiviral medicine to shorten the first outbreak and treat later episodes. If you have frequent, severe outbreaks, they might offer a daily preventive antiviral to keep outbreaks at bay. These medicines are not a cure but work by stopping the virus from reproducing. Your doctor will discuss the most suitable option for you, and you will only be given medication that is appropriate for your situation.

Living with this condition

Life with genital herpes is completely manageable. Once you learn to recognise early warning signs such as tingling or itching, you can take steps to avoid a full outbreak. Many people go for long periods without any symptoms. You can still work, socialise, exercise, and have a satisfying sex life.

Lifestyle tips

• Learn what triggers your outbreaks — for some people this is stress, lack of sleep, or feeling run down
• Try to reduce stress through activities you enjoy, such as walking, reading, or meditation
• Avoid alcohol and smoking, as they can affect your immune system
• Talk openly with a partner about your condition and what you both can do to reduce transmission

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet, drinking enough water, and getting regular exercise can help keep your immune system strong. There is no special 'herpes diet' needed — just healthy eating and a daily walk or activity you enjoy.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Being diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection can feel upsetting or overwhelming. You might feel shame, worry, or anxiety, but you are not alone and you have not done anything wrong. These feelings are normal and usually ease with time. If you are feeling very low, please speak to your doctor, a counsellor, or a mental health support line. If you ever have thoughts of self-harm, reach out for urgent help right away.

Prevention

There is no guaranteed way to prevent genital herpes completely, but you can greatly reduce the risk. Using condoms consistently, avoiding sex during outbreaks, and telling a new partner about your diagnosis all help. Remember that the virus can be passed on even without visible sores, so open communication and regular check-ups are important.

Vaccines

There is currently no vaccine for genital herpes. Researchers are working on one, but for now, safe sex practices and communication remain the best protections.

Screening programmes

Routine screening for herpes in the general population is not recommended. However, if you have symptoms or are concerned, you can request a test at a sexual health clinic or your GP practice.

Complications

If left untreated

• Outbreaks may last longer or be more frequent in the early years, though they nearly always become milder over time
• There is a slightly higher risk of catching other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV
• In rare cases, the infection can be passed to a baby during childbirth, so it is very important to tell your midwife or doctor if you have herpes and are pregnant
• Very rarely, herpes can infect other parts of the body, such as the eyes or the brain, to cause serious problems — this is why it matters to get help for unusual symptoms

Long-term outlook

For the vast majority of people, genital herpes does not affect overall health or life expectancy. Outbreaks become less frequent and less intense over the first few years. With the right support, treatment, and honest communication, most people adjust well and continue to enjoy healthy, active lives. Take it one day at a time, and ask for help whenever you need it.

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