Genital warts

Overview

Genital warts are small, fleshy bumps that appear on or around the genitals, anus, or upper thighs. They are caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). They can be flat or raised, alone or in clusters, and are usually painless but may itch or bleed.

Yes, genital warts are very common. Many sexually active people get HPV at some point, though not everyone develops visible warts.

Genital warts can affect anyone who is sexually active, regardless of gender. They are most common in young adults aged 15–30, but can occur at any age.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Small, flesh-colored or gray bumps on or around the genitals, anus, or upper thighs
• Bumps that are raised or flat, alone or in clusters (like a cauliflower)
• Itching, discomfort, or bleeding during sex

Symptoms in children

• Genital warts in children are rare. If they occur, it is important to see a doctor to rule out possible causes, including non-sexual transmission and, in some cases, sexual abuse. Always seek medical advice.

Symptoms in older adults

• Symptoms are the same as in younger adults, but older adults may have other skin growths that look similar. A doctor can tell the difference.

Causes

Main causes

• Infection with low-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), most often types 6 and 11
• Direct skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the infection

Risk factors

• Having multiple sexual partners
• Having a partner who has had many partners
• Not using condoms consistently (condoms reduce risk but do not fully protect because warts can be on skin not covered)
• A weakened immune system (from HIV, organ transplant, or certain medications)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have bleeding from the warts that doesn't stop
• If you have severe pain or signs of infection (fever, pus)

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you notice any new bumps, growths, or changes in your genital area
• If you think you may have been exposed to HPV
• If you have warts that bother you or affect your daily life

Diagnosis

A doctor or nurse can usually diagnose genital warts simply by looking at them. In some cases, they may apply a mild vinegar solution to make the warts more visible.

Tests that may be done

• Visual examination of the bumps
• Sometimes a biopsy (taking a tiny piece of the wart) if the wart looks unusual or to rule out other conditions

What to expect at your appointment

The exam is quick and usually painless. You may be asked to undress from the waist down and lie on an exam table. The doctor will look at the area carefully, possibly using a magnifying device. You can ask for a chaperone if you feel more comfortable.

Treatment

Treatment can remove visible warts and reduce symptoms, but it does not cure the HPV virus. The body's immune system often clears the virus over time. Even after treatment, warts may come back, especially in the first few months.

Self-care at home

• Keep the affected area clean and dry
• Avoid touching the warts to prevent spreading them to other parts of your body or to other people
• Do not use over-the-counter wart treatments (like freezing sprays) on genital warts – they are not safe for this sensitive area

Medical treatments

A healthcare provider can apply prescription creams or solutions, freeze the warts (cryotherapy), use heat to destroy them (electrocautery), or remove them with laser therapy. The choice depends on the number, size, and location of the warts. Repeated treatments may be needed.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery to cut out the warts is rarely needed. It may be considered for very large warts that do not respond to other treatments.

Living with this condition

Genital warts can be upsetting, but they are manageable. Treatment can remove visible warts. The virus often clears on its own within two years. You can still have a normal sex life, but use condoms and talk to your partners about your condition.

Lifestyle tips

• Use condoms every time you have sex, especially if warts are present or you are being treated
• Avoid sexual contact when warts are visible and until they have fully healed after treatment
• If you smoke, consider quitting – smoking makes it harder for your body to clear HPV

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet and getting regular exercise can support your immune system, which may help control the virus faster. There is no special diet for genital warts.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel anxious, embarrassed, or ashamed about having genital warts. These feelings can affect your self-esteem and relationships. Talking to a healthcare provider, counselor, or trusted friend can help. You are not alone.

Prevention

Yes, partly. The HPV vaccine can prevent the types of HPV that cause most genital warts. Using condoms correctly and consistently reduces the risk, but does not provide full protection because the virus can live on skin not covered by a condom.

Vaccines

An HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls, usually starting around age 11–12. It is also available for older teens and young adults up to age 26, and sometimes older. The vaccine prevents the most common wart-causing HPV types (6 and 11) as well as cancer-causing types. Ask your healthcare provider if it is right for you.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for genital warts. Regular sexual health check-ups can help you stay aware of any changes. If you are a woman, routine cervical screening (Pap smear) checks for high-risk HPV, not genital warts.

Complications

If left untreated

• Warts may grow larger or spread to surrounding skin
• Warts can cause persistent discomfort, itching, or bleeding during sex
• Rarely, warts may become infected or bleed

Long-term outlook

The outlook is very good. Most genital warts will go away on their own within months to a few years. Treatment can speed up removal. The HPV virus itself is usually cleared by the immune system and does not cause long-term health problems. Genital warts are not linked to cancer. With time and care, most people recover fully and can return to normal life.

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