heart in children
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Heart conditions in children are problems with the heart's structure or function that are present from birth (congenital) or develop later due to illness. They affect how well the heart pumps blood around the body.
Key facts
- Heart problems are the most common type of birth defect, affecting about 8 in every 1,000 newborns.
- Many children with heart conditions can lead active lives with proper treatment and regular check-ups.
- Early diagnosis and treatment greatly improve long-term outcomes.
Yes, congenital heart disease is one of the most common birth defects. However, many cases are mild and may not cause problems until later in life.
Children of all ages, from newborns to teenagers. Some heart problems are detected before birth, while others become noticeable during infancy or childhood.
Symptoms
- Severe difficulty breathing or gasping for air
- Lips or face turning blue or very pale
- Collapse or fainting without warning
- Chest pain that does not go away
- ⚠Poor feeding and not gaining weight as expected
- ⚠Extreme tiredness that interferes with daily activities
- ⚠Bluish colour that comes and goes, especially after feeding or crying
- ⚠Rapid breathing or breathing that seems laboured
Common symptoms
- Shortness of breath during feeding or activity
- Poor weight gain or trouble feeding
- Unusual tiredness or lethargy
- Bluish tint to the skin, lips, or nails (cyanosis)
Symptoms in children
- Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing while feeding
- Sweating excessively during feeds
- Failure to gain weight or slowed growth
- Chest infections that keep coming back
- Pale or bluish skin colour
Symptoms in older adults
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Shortness of breath during activity
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
- Irregular heartbeat or palpitations
Causes
Main causes
- Most heart problems in children are congenital (present at birth) and occur when the heart does not develop properly during pregnancy.
- Some heart conditions are acquired later due to infections, such as rheumatic fever or Kawasaki disease.
Risk factors
- Family history of congenital heart disease
- Maternal infections during pregnancy, such as rubella (German measles)
- Genetic conditions like Down syndrome
- Maternal diabetes, obesity, or use of certain medications during pregnancy
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If your child has sudden trouble breathing, turns blue, or collapses, call your local emergency number immediately.
- If your child has chest pain that does not go away or faints without clear reason.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If your child is not feeding well, not gaining weight, or seems unusually tired.
- If you notice a bluish colour in your child's skin, lips, or nails that comes and goes.
- During routine paediatric check-ups, your doctor will check your child's heart.
Diagnosis
Doctors diagnose heart conditions using a physical exam, listening to the heart with a stethoscope, and special tests that are painless and safe.
Tests that may be done
- Echocardiogram – an ultrasound of the heart to see its structure and function
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) – records the heart's electrical activity
- Chest X-ray – checks the size and shape of the heart and lungs
- Pulse oximetry – measures oxygen levels in the blood
- Cardiac MRI or catheterisation – for detailed information if needed
What to expect at your appointment
Tests are usually done while your child is awake or gently settled. Doctors will explain each step and keep you informed. The results help create a personalised treatment plan.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the heart condition. It may include regular monitoring, medication, or procedures to repair the heart.
Self-care at home
- Follow your doctor's advice on activity and rest
- Keep your child away from cigarette smoke, which can worsen heart health
- Ensure all vaccinations are up to date, including the flu vaccine
- Watch for any changes in symptoms and report them to your doctor
Medical treatments
Medications can help the heart pump more efficiently, control high blood pressure, or reduce the risk of infection. Some children may need catheter-based treatments to close holes or widen narrow vessels. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed to repair the defect.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery may be recommended for structural heart defects that cannot be managed with medication alone. Many children undergo successful surgery in early infancy or childhood and go on to live healthy lives.
Living with this condition
Most children with heart conditions can go to school, play with friends, and enjoy normal activities. They may need to avoid very strenuous sports or follow specific activity guidelines from their doctor.
Lifestyle tips
- Encourage regular, enjoyable physical activity as advised by your healthcare team
- Maintain a healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Practice good hand hygiene and avoid sick people to prevent infections
- Monitor for signs of worsening condition, such as increased tiredness or difficulty breathing
Diet and exercise
A heart-healthy diet that is low in salt and high in nutrients is important. Some children may have special dietary needs, such as extra calories for growth. Exercise is encouraged, but your doctor will advise on safe limits.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with a heart condition can be stressful for the child and the family. It is normal to feel anxious. Talk to your doctor or a counsellor if you or your child are struggling. Many hospitals have support teams for families.
Prevention
Not all heart conditions can be prevented, but you can reduce some risks. If you are pregnant, avoid infections like rubella and manage conditions like diabetes with your doctor's help.
Vaccines
Getting vaccinated against rubella just before pregnancy can prevent some heart defects. Keeping your child's vaccinations up to date (including flu and whooping cough) helps protect their overall health.
Screening programmes
Newborns are often screened with pulse oximetry to detect low oxygen levels that may indicate a heart problem. Some congenital heart defects can be seen on ultrasound scans during pregnancy.
Complications
If left untreated
- Heart failure – the heart cannot pump blood effectively
- Pulmonary hypertension – high blood pressure in the lungs
- Infective endocarditis – a serious infection of the heart lining
- Arrhythmias – irregular heartbeats that can cause dizziness or fainting
- Stroke – a rare but serious complication from blood clots
Long-term outlook
With modern treatments, most children with heart conditions survive into adulthood and lead full, active lives. Ongoing research continues to improve outcomes and quality of life.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 30, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.