Heroin

Overview

Heroin is a highly addictive illegal drug made from the opium poppy. It belongs to a group of drugs called opioids. People use it for its strong effects, but it is very dangerous and can cause overdose and serious health problems. It is not a medicine and has no safe use.

Heroin use is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world. It is less common than some other substances, but the harms are severe.

Anyone can be affected by heroin, regardless of age, gender, or background. It often starts with experimental use, but addiction can develop quickly. People who use heroin come from all walks of life.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Small, pinpoint pupils
• Drowsiness or nodding off
• Slow breathing
• Itching and flushed skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Confusion
• Needle marks (if injected)
• Poor hygiene and weight loss over time
• Withdrawal symptoms when not using: muscle aches, sweating, diarrhea, anxiety, and trouble sleeping

Causes

Main causes

• Heroin use disorder is a complex brain disease. It often starts with recreational use, but genetic, environmental, and psychological factors play a role.
• The drug changes the brain's reward system, leading to cravings and compulsive use.

Risk factors

• Family history of addiction
• History of substance use
• Mental health conditions like depression or anxiety
• Trauma or adverse childhood experiences
• Peer pressure or social environment
• Easy access to drugs

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Overdose (call emergency services immediately)
• Severe withdrawal symptoms
• Signs of infection
• Suicidal thoughts
• Pregnancy (seeking care for heroin use during pregnancy is important)

Book a routine appointment if:

• Wanting to stop using heroin
• Concerns about your own or a loved one's drug use
• Seeking information about treatment options
• Mental health concerns

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will ask about drug use history, do a physical exam, and may use urine or blood tests to detect heroin or its breakdown products. They will also assess for mental health conditions and other health problems. Diagnosis is based on patterns of use and symptoms of dependence.

Tests that may be done

• Urine drug test
• Blood test
• Physical exam
• Mental health assessment
• Screening for infections like HIV and hepatitis (if injected)

What to expect at your appointment

The process is confidential and non-judgmental. Your provider will ask questions to understand your situation and offer support options. They may refer you to a specialist.

Treatment

Heroin use disorder is treatable. Treatment usually involves a combination of medication, counseling, and support groups. The goal is to help you stop using heroin safely and rebuild your life.

Self-care at home

• Seek professional help
• Build a support network
• Avoid triggers and high-risk situations
• Practice healthy coping skills
• Consider joining a support group

Medical treatments

Medicines can help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms, and emergency medicine can reverse an overdose. Counseling (such as cognitive behavioral therapy) helps change thinking and behavior patterns. Treatment is tailored to the person's needs. Always consult a healthcare provider for guidance.

Living with this condition

Living with heroin use disorder or in recovery takes ongoing effort. It's important to have a routine, avoid triggers, and stay connected to support. Recovery is a journey with ups and downs.

Lifestyle tips

• Develop a sober support network
• Engage in meaningful activities
• Learn stress management
• Avoid people and places associated with drug use
• Get regular medical care

Diet and exercise

A healthy diet and regular exercise can help improve mood, sleep, and overall health during recovery. Start with small steps and consult your doctor before starting a new exercise plan.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Heroin use often co-occurs with mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, or PTSD. It's important to treat both. If you or someone you know is in crisis, contact a crisis helpline immediately.

Prevention

Heroin use disorder can be prevented through education, healthy coping skills, and avoiding drug use. If you have risk factors, seek support early. Preventing overdose is possible by not using alone and having emergency plans.

Vaccines

Not applicable.

Screening programmes

Healthcare providers may screen for substance use during routine visits. If you are concerned, ask for a confidential discussion.

Complications

If left untreated

• Overdose and death
• Infectious diseases from needle use (HIV, hepatitis)
• Heart and lung problems
• Mental health decline
• Social and financial problems
• Legal issues
• Relationship breakdown

Long-term outlook

Recovery is possible with treatment and support. Many people recover from heroin use disorder and go on to lead healthy, fulfilling lives. It's never too late to seek help.

Find support

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