high sugar in children

Overview

High blood sugar (also called hyperglycemia) means there is too much sugar (glucose) in the blood. Glucose is a type of sugar that gives the body energy. Normally, a hormone called insulin helps move glucose from the blood into cells. When insulin is missing, low, or not working properly, glucose stays in the blood and can cause health problems.

High blood sugar is not rare in children. Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common long-term conditions in childhood, and type 2 diabetes is becoming more common in young people.

It can affect children of any age, from toddlers to teenagers. Type 1 diabetes often starts in childhood. Type 2 diabetes is more likely in older children and teens, especially those with a family history of diabetes or who are overweight.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Feeling very thirsty
• Urinating more often than usual
• Feeling tired and weak
• Blurred vision
• Cuts or sores that heal slowly

Symptoms in children

• Night-time bedwetting or needing to use the toilet a lot
• Increased hunger but still losing weight
• Fruity-smelling breath
• Irritability or mood changes

Symptoms in older adults

• This article focuses on children, but in older adults high blood sugar may cause confusion, dizziness, and frequent infections.

Causes

Main causes

• The body does not make enough insulin (common in type 1 diabetes)
• The body does not respond to insulin properly (common in type 2 diabetes)
• Illness, infection, or physical stress
• Certain medicines, such as steroids, which can raise blood sugar

Risk factors

• Having a family history of diabetes
• Being overweight or not getting enough physical activity
• Being from certain ethnic backgrounds with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes
• Having an autoimmune condition that affects the pancreas

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Your child is vomiting and cannot keep fluids down
• Your child has very high blood sugar readings (ask your care team for the number to be concerned about)
• You notice fruity-smelling breath or rapid breathing

Book a routine appointment if:

• Your child has been drinking and urinating more than usual
• Your child has lost weight without trying
• You have concerns about your child's risk of diabetes

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will ask about your child's symptoms and family history, then do a simple blood test to check glucose levels. They may also test for ketones (acids that build up when the body uses fat for energy).

Tests that may be done

• Fasting blood glucose test — blood sugar is checked after no food for at least 8 hours
• HbA1c test — shows the average blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months
• Random blood glucose test — done at any time, not necessarily after fasting
• Oral glucose tolerance test — for certain children, if the diagnosis is unclear

What to expect at your appointment

Your child may be referred to a specialist in hormones and metabolism (called an endocrinologist). The tests are quick and may involve a blood draw or finger-prick. You will get clear explanations at each step, and the care team will work with you to make a plan.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of high blood sugar. If diabetes is the cause, the goal is to keep blood sugar in a healthy range while making sure your child grows and develops normally. Treatment always includes education, regular monitoring, and support from a healthcare team.

Self-care at home

• Check your child's blood sugar as often as your care team recommends
• Give insulin or other treatments exactly as prescribed — never stop or change without talking to your doctor
• Encourage your child to be active for at least 60 minutes a day
• Offer water instead of sugary drinks

Medical treatments

If the body does not make enough insulin, insulin therapy is the main treatment. Insulin is given by injection or through an insulin pump. The dose is personalised for each child. For some children with type 2 diabetes, other glucose-lowering medicines may be considered. These are always prescribed by a specialist and monitored closely.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a treatment for high blood sugar itself. In rare cases where another condition (for example, a problem with the pancreas) is causing it, surgery might be part of the treatment plan. This would be managed by a specialist team.

Living with this condition

Managing high blood sugar becomes part of everyday life. You will learn to check blood sugar, recognise patterns, and make adjustments with your care team. Talk to your child's school or nursery so they can help keep your child safe.

Lifestyle tips

• Keep regular routines for meals, medicines, and activity
• Always carry a form of fast-acting sugar (e.g., juice or glucose tablets) for emergencies, if advised by your team
• Schedule regular follow-ups with your endocrinology team
• Praise your child's efforts and encourage independence as they grow

Diet and exercise

A balanced, colourful plate is best. Include whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Limit sugary drinks, sweets, and processed snacks. Exercise helps the body use insulin better, so aim for at least 60 minutes of active play daily — unless your care team gives different advice.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal for both you and your child to feel worried or frustrated at times. Talk about feelings openly and without blame. A child psychologist or counsellor can help, especially if your child feels different from other kids. Remember, you are not alone.

Prevention

Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. For type 2 diabetes, a healthy lifestyle can greatly reduce the risk. If your child already has high blood sugar, these same habits can help keep it under control and prevent complications.

Screening programmes

Screening for high blood sugar may be recommended for children who have risk factors, such as a strong family history of type 2 diabetes or being overweight. Your healthcare provider can advise if screening is right for your child.

Complications

If left untreated

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) — a dangerous build-up of acids in the blood
• Slower growth and development
• Damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves over the long term
• Frequent infections and slow wound healing

Long-term outlook

The future is bright. With modern treatments, careful monitoring, and family support, most children with high blood sugar go on to live full, active lives. Your involvement and encouragement make a huge difference to your child's health and happiness.

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