high sugar self care basics

Overview

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) means there is too much glucose, a type of sugar, in your blood. This happens when your body cannot make enough insulin or cannot use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps sugar enter your cells to be used for energy.

Yes. High blood sugar is very common. Millions of people worldwide live with diabetes or prediabetes.

Anyone can develop high blood sugar. It is more common in adults over 40, people who are overweight, have a family history of diabetes, or are not physically active.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Feeling very thirsty
• Urinating more often than usual
• Feeling unusually tired
• Blurred vision
• Headaches
• Dry mouth

Symptoms in children

• Extreme thirst
• Wetting the bed after being dry at night
• Low energy and feeling very tired
• Weight loss without trying
• Fruity-smelling breath

Symptoms in older adults

• Confusion or being less alert
• Dizziness or weakness
• Dry mouth and dehydration
• Slower healing of cuts or sores
• More urinary tract or skin infections

Causes

Main causes

• Not enough insulin in the body (type 1 diabetes)
• The body not responding well to insulin (type 2 diabetes)
• Stress, illness, or infection
• Eating more sugar or carbohydrates than usual
• Missing medication doses or not taking insulin as prescribed

Risk factors

• Having diabetes
• Being overweight or having obesity
• Having a family history of diabetes
• Being age 40 or older
• Being physically inactive
• Having high blood pressure or high cholesterol

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have any emergency symptoms, call your local emergency number immediately.
• If your blood sugar is very high and you feel ill, seek same-day medical care.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Make an appointment if you notice symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, or unexplained fatigue.
• If you have diabetes and your readings are often above your target range, discuss it with your care team.

Diagnosis

A doctor can check for high blood sugar with a simple blood test. They may test your blood after fasting (not eating for several hours) or use an HbA1c test, which shows your average blood sugar over the past two to three months.

Tests that may be done

• Fasting blood sugar test
• Random blood sugar test
• HbA1c test
• Oral glucose tolerance test (sometimes)

What to expect at your appointment

You will have a blood draw, which usually takes a few minutes. Your doctor will review the results and explain what they mean. If your blood sugar is high, they may talk about lifestyle changes, monitoring, and possible treatment.

Treatment

Treatment for high blood sugar focuses on keeping your glucose levels in a healthy range. This often involves self-care habits, regular monitoring, and sometimes medication. Work closely with your healthcare team to find the best plan for you.

Self-care at home

• Check your blood sugar as often as your doctor recommends
• Eat balanced meals with vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
• Drink water instead of sugary drinks
• Stay active with activities you enjoy, like walking or swimming
• Take your medications exactly as prescribed
• Keep a log of your readings to share with your care team
• Manage stress with deep breathing, rest, and hobbies you enjoy

Medical treatments

Some people need medicine to help control blood sugar. This may include tablets or insulin injections. Your doctor will decide what is right for you. Never change or stop medication without talking to your doctor.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a common treatment for high blood sugar. In some cases of type 2 diabetes, weight-loss surgery may be considered, but it is only for specific candidates and requires careful evaluation.

Living with this condition

Living with high blood sugar becomes easier with routine. Keep a consistent schedule for meals, activity, and blood sugar checks. Always carry a source of fast-acting sugar, like glucose tablets or fruit juice, in case your blood sugar drops. Plan ahead for travel and busy days.

Lifestyle tips

• Wear a medical ID or carry a note saying you have diabetes
• Get enough sleep each night
• Limit alcohol and avoid smoking
• Check your feet daily for cuts or blisters
• Stay hydrated with water throughout the day

Diet and exercise

Aim to fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables, a quarter with lean protein, and a quarter with whole grains. Choose foods with fiber instead of sugary snacks. Try to get at least 30 minutes of moderate activity, like brisk walking, on most days. Always ask your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Managing high blood sugar can feel overwhelming at times. It's normal to have days when you feel stressed, angry, or worried. Talk to friends, family, or a counselor if you need support. Remember, you don't have to be perfect – just keep doing your best.

Prevention

Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. But for type 2 diabetes, you can lower your risk by staying active, eating well, and maintaining a healthy weight. If you already have high blood sugar, these habits can prevent it from getting worse.

Vaccines

People with high blood sugar should stay up to date on recommended vaccines, such as flu, pneumonia, and COVID-19 vaccines. Ask your pharmacist or doctor which vaccines are right for you.

Screening programmes

If you have risk factors for diabetes, your doctor may recommend regular blood sugar checks. This can find problems early and help you take action sooner.

Complications

If left untreated

• Over time, high blood sugar can damage blood vessels and nerves
• It can increase your risk of heart disease and stroke
• It can lead to kidney disease and eye problems
• It can cause nerve damage and foot problems
• It can slow wound healing and increase infection risk

Long-term outlook

The outlook for people with high blood sugar is generally positive. With good self-care, medication when needed, and support from your healthcare team, you can avoid or delay complications and lead a full, active life. Every healthy choice you make counts.

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