Hypertension living in adults
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is a condition where the force of blood against the walls of your arteries is consistently too high. Over time, this can damage your blood vessels and lead to serious health problems like heart disease and stroke. It’s often called the 'silent killer' because it usually has no symptoms, so many people don’t know they have it.
Key facts
- High blood pressure is common in adults, especially as people get older.
- It often has no symptoms, so regular blood pressure checks are important.
- Healthy lifestyle changes can help lower blood pressure and reduce health risks.
- Treatment usually involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medication, if needed.
Yes, high blood pressure is very common. About 1 in 3 adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and the risk increases with age.
High blood pressure can affect anyone, but it is more common in people over 40, those who are overweight, have a family history of high blood pressure, eat a diet high in salt, don’t get enough physical activity, or drink too much alcohol.
Symptoms
- Very severe headache that comes on suddenly and is unlike any headache you’ve had before
- Chest pain or pressure
- Shortness of breath
- Sudden vision changes
- Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
- Weakness or numbness on one side of the body
- ⚠Blood pressure reading of 180/120 mmHg or higher, even if you have no symptoms
- ⚠Frequent or severe headaches
- ⚠Blurred vision or seeing spots
- ⚠Feeling dizzy or lightheaded
Common symptoms
- Most people with high blood pressure have no symptoms at all.
- Some people may occasionally experience headaches, shortness of breath, or nosebleeds, but these are not specific to high blood pressure.
Symptoms in older adults
- High blood pressure in older adults is often without symptoms, but it increases the risk of heart problems and strokes. Regular checks are important.
Causes
Main causes
- For most people, the cause of high blood pressure is not known. This is called primary (essential) hypertension.
- In some cases, high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition, such as kidney disease, thyroid problems, or certain medications. This is called secondary hypertension.
Risk factors
- Age – risk increases with age
- Family history of high blood pressure
- Being overweight or obese
- Eating too much salt
- Not enough physical activity
- Drinking too much alcohol
- Smoking
- Stress
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have a very high blood pressure reading (180/120 mmHg or higher) along with symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, or vision changes, call emergency services immediately.
- If you have a very high reading but no symptoms, still see a doctor within 24 hours.
Book a routine appointment if:
- Get your blood pressure checked at least once every five years if you’re over 40 and healthy.
- If you have risk factors or a previous high reading, your doctor may recommend more frequent checks.
Diagnosis
High blood pressure is diagnosed by measuring your blood pressure with a cuff placed around your arm. A single high reading is not enough for diagnosis; your doctor will usually take two or more readings on separate occasions to confirm.
Tests that may be done
- Blood pressure measurement using a sphygmomanometer
- Blood tests to check kidney function, blood sugar, and cholesterol
- Urine test
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) to check heart health
What to expect at your appointment
Your doctor will explain your blood pressure numbers (systolic/diastolic) and what they mean. They will also check for any underlying causes and discuss your overall health and lifestyle. You may be asked to monitor your blood pressure at home.
Treatment
Treatment for high blood pressure focuses on lowering your numbers to a safe range to prevent complications. It usually starts with lifestyle changes, and if these aren’t enough, your doctor may recommend medications. Treatment is long-term, but it can effectively manage the condition.
Self-care at home
- Cut down on salt – aim for less than 6g (about one teaspoon) per day
- Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Be physically active – at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Limit alcohol – no more than 14 units per week for men and women
- Stop smoking – your doctor or pharmacist can help
- Manage stress with relaxation techniques like deep breathing
Medical treatments
If lifestyle changes alone are not enough, your doctor may prescribe blood pressure-lowering medication. There are several types, each working in a different way. Your doctor will choose the most suitable one based on your age, health, and other conditions. It may take a few tries to find the right medication or combination. Never stop taking prescribed medication without consulting your doctor.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not typically used to treat high blood pressure. However, if an underlying cause like a narrowed artery or a tumour is discovered, surgery may be needed to treat that condition.
Living with this condition
Living with high blood pressure means staying aware of your numbers and sticking to healthy habits. Check your blood pressure regularly at home or at the pharmacy. Many people manage well and continue their normal activities.
Lifestyle tips
- Take your medications as prescribed, even if you feel fine
- Monitor your blood pressure at home with a validated monitor
- Keep a log of your readings to share with your doctor
- Limit caffeine and avoid energy drinks
- Limit processed foods and takeaway meals that are high in salt
Diet and exercise
A heart-healthy diet is key. Focus on fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Reduce salt by checking food labels and avoiding adding salt at the table. Exercise can include brisk walking, swimming, cycling, or gardening – aim for 30 minutes most days.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Managing a chronic condition like high blood pressure can be stressful. It’s normal to feel anxious or worried. Talk to your doctor if you’re feeling overwhelmed – they can point you to support. Relaxation techniques, hobbies, and talking with friends can also help.
Prevention
You can reduce your risk of developing high blood pressure by maintaining a healthy weight, eating a low-salt diet, staying active, limiting alcohol, and not smoking. While not all cases can be prevented, these steps significantly lower your risk.
Screening programmes
Regular blood pressure checks are the best way to detect high blood pressure early. The NHS recommends adults over 40 get checked at least every five years, but more often if you have risk factors.
Complications
If left untreated
- Heart attack or heart failure
- Stroke
- Kidney damage or kidney failure
- Vision loss
- Aneurysm – a bulge in a blood vessel that can burst
- Memory problems or cognitive decline
Long-term outlook
With proper management, most people with high blood pressure can live a full, healthy life. Treatment is very effective at reducing the risk of complications. By working with your healthcare team and making healthy choices, you can keep your blood pressure under control and protect your long-term health.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- British Heart Foundation ↗ · United Kingdom
- NHS – High blood pressure ↗ · United Kingdom
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 30, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.