infection in older adults

Overview

An infection happens when germs such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi enter the body and cause illness. In older adults, the immune system can be slower to respond, so infections may become serious more quickly. This article explains how infections affect older people, what symptoms to look for, and when to get medical help.

Yes. Infections are a major health concern in older adults. Many older people are admitted to the hospital each year because of infections, but most recover with proper care.

Infection can affect anyone, but older adults — especially those over 75, with long-term health conditions, weakened immune systems, or who live in care homes — are at higher risk of getting sicker faster.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Fever or chills
• Cough or sore throat
• Body aches or headache
• Fatigue or weakness

Symptoms in older adults

• Sudden confusion or feeling ‘not yourself’
• Falls or dizziness
• Loss of appetite
• Being unusually sleepy or hard to wake
• Little or no fever even with a serious infection
• New incontinence or trouble passing urine
• Breathlessness or rapid breathing

Causes

Main causes

• Bacterial infections like pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections
• Viral infections like flu, COVID-19, or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• Fungal infections in people with weakened immune systems

Risk factors

• Age over 75
• Long-term health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, or kidney disease
• Weakened immune system due to illness or certain treatments
• Living in a care home or staying in the hospital
• Malnutrition or not drinking enough fluids

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If symptoms are getting worse or you cannot manage at home
• If you have a temperature, feel very unwell, or have a headache with a stiff neck
• If you are caring for an older adult and they suddenly become confused, weak, or less responsive

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have had a cold, cough, or urinary symptoms for more than a few days
• If you feel generally unwell with no obvious reason
• If you have a skin wound that looks infected or is not healing

Diagnosis

A healthcare professional will ask about your symptoms, examine you, and may check your temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. They will likely ask about your medical history and any recent contact with sick people.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check for signs of infection or inflammation
• Urine test to check for a bladder or kidney infection
• Chest X-ray if a chest infection is suspected
• Swab of your nose, throat, or a wound to identify the germ

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor may send you home with advice or arrange further tests. If your symptoms are serious, you may need to go to the hospital for treatment and monitoring. The healthcare team will explain everything and answer your questions.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of infection and how serious it is. For many infections, rest, fluids, and medicine to reduce fever and pain may be enough. If the infection is bacterial, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics. For viral infections, antiviral medicine might be used. You may need hospital care if you become dehydrated, need oxygen, or are very unwell.

Self-care at home

• Rest and sleep to help your body fight the infection
• Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration
• Eat what you can – small, frequent meals if you have little appetite
• Keep warm and avoid exposing others to infection
• Ask your pharmacist about safe ways to reduce fever or discomfort

Medical treatments

Medical treatment may include antibiotics for bacterial infections, antiviral medication for some viral infections, or antifungal treatments for fungal infections. In hospital, you may receive fluids through a drip, extra oxygen, or other supportive care. The right treatment depends on your specific illness, so your healthcare provider will choose the safest option for you.

Living with this condition

During an infection, take things slowly. Listen to your body and rest when you feel tired. Keep track of your symptoms and note any changes, especially confusion or breathlessness. Ask family or carers for help if you feel weak or unsteady.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay active between infections – walking and simple exercises help keep your body strong
• Get enough sleep and manage stress
• Stop smoking – it increases the risk of chest infections
• Wash your hands regularly and avoid close contact with sick people

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet with plenty of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and protein helps support your immune system. Drink enough fluids every day. Gentle exercise, like short walks or chair-based activities, can improve circulation and help you recover. Talk to your doctor before starting new exercise.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

An infection can make you feel low, worried, or frustrated, especially if you are isolated from others. Confusion during an infection (often called delirium) is common in older adults and usually improves as you recover. Reach out to family, friends, or a mental health support service if you are struggling. If you or someone you know is in emotional crisis, call your local crisis helpline or emergency services right away.

Prevention

Many infections can be prevented by good hygiene, staying healthy, keeping up to date with vaccinations, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Vaccines

Vaccines are very important for older adults. They can protect against flu, COVID-19, pneumonia, and other serious infections. Ask your doctor or pharmacist which vaccines are recommended for you.

Screening programmes

Regular health checks (like blood pressure, diabetes, and kidney function) can help catch conditions that make infections more dangerous. You may also have screening tests for certain infections if you are at risk.

Complications

If left untreated

• Sepsis – a life-threatening reaction to infection
• Pneumonia causing breathing failure
• Kidney or bladder infection that spreads to the blood
• Delirium, falls, and loss of independence
• Long-term weakness and difficulty doing daily activities

Long-term outlook

The outlook for older adults with an infection is generally good when it is found and treated early. Many people recover fully at home or with a short hospital stay. Some may take longer to regain strength, but with support, most older adults return to their usual routine. Medical teams will do everything possible to help you or your loved one recover.

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