infection in pregnancy

Overview

An infection in pregnancy is an illness caused by germs (like bacteria or viruses) that happens while you are pregnant. Some infections are mild and do not harm the baby. Others can be more serious, so it is important to get medical advice quickly if you feel unwell.

Infections are quite common in pregnancy because the immune system changes to protect the baby, which can make the pregnant person more likely to catch certain germs. Most are not serious, but they should always be checked by a healthcare professional.

Anyone who is pregnant can get an infection. People with certain long-term health conditions, like diabetes or asthma, or those with weakened immune systems may have a higher risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Fever or chills
• Feeling very tired or achy
• Cough, sore throat, or runny nose
• Tummy pain or cramping
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Burning or pain when urinating

Symptoms in children

• High fever
• Rash
• Poor feeding or lack of energy
• Irritability or unusual crying

Symptoms in older adults

• Fever or a lower-than-normal body temperature
• Confusion or drowsiness
• Weakness or feeling generally unwell
• Faster breathing or a cough

Causes

Main causes

• Bacterial infections, such as urinary tract infections or group B strep
• Viral infections, such as flu, colds, or chickenpox
• Foodborne infections from eating undercooked meat, unpasteurised dairy, or certain seafood
• Fungal infections, like thrush

Risk factors

• Being in close contact with people who are ill
• Having a long-term health condition, like diabetes or kidney disease
• Not being vaccinated against preventable illnesses
• Poor hand hygiene or unsafe food practices

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you are pregnant and have a fever, chills, difficulty breathing, or pain with urination, call your doctor or midwife right away.
• If you notice a change in your baby's movements, contact your maternity unit or doctor immediately.
• If you think you have been exposed to an infection, even without symptoms, ask for advice.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Attend all prenatal appointments so your health care team can check for infections early.
• Tell your doctor about any symptoms, even mild ones, at your regular check-ups.

Diagnosis

Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, examine you, and use tests to find out whether you have an infection and what type it is.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• Swabs from the vagina or throat
• Ultrasound to check the baby if needed

What to expect at your appointment

Your provider will explain which tests you need, why they are done, and how long it may take to get results. It is a straightforward process, and no test is done without your consent.

Treatment

Treatment for an infection during pregnancy depends on the type of germ and how unwell you are. Some infections can be managed with rest and fluids, while others may need medication that is safe to use during pregnancy.

Self-care at home

• Rest as much as you can.
• Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.
• Wash your hands often and avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth.
• Use a clean towel and avoid sharing drinks or utensils.

Medical treatments

For bacterial infections, your doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics that is considered safe for pregnancy. For viral infections, they may recommend certain antiviral treatments or supportive care. Antifungal treatments may be offered for yeast infections. Always take any medication exactly as your doctor advises, and ask questions if you are unsure. No specific medication is recommended in this article.

Living with this condition

While recovering from an infection, listen to your body and take it slow. Attend your follow-up appointments and finish any prescribed treatment, even if you feel better before it is finished.

Lifestyle tips

• Get plenty of sleep and avoid stress.
• Stay away from people who are visibly ill.
• Practice good kitchen hygiene, like washing fruits and vegetables and cooking meat thoroughly.
• Avoid smoking and alcohol, as they can weaken the immune system.

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Gentle exercise, like walking, may help you feel better, but check with your doctor first. Drink water regularly and avoid foods that are high in sugar or very salty.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Worrying about an infection is absolutely normal, especially when you are pregnant. It can cause stress or anxiety. Talk about how you feel with your healthcare provider, midwife, or a counsellor.

Prevention

You cannot prevent all infections, but many can be avoided with good hygiene, safe food choices, and staying away from sick people. Simple steps like washing your hands and cooking food properly make a big difference.

Vaccines

Some vaccines, like the flu vaccine and whooping cough vaccine, are recommended during pregnancy to protect you and your baby. Ask your doctor or midwife which vaccines are safe and recommended for you.

Screening programmes

At your prenatal appointments, you will be offered screening tests for certain infections. These are routine and can help catch problems early so treatment can begin quickly.

Complications

If left untreated

• Some untreated infections can increase the risk of preterm birth (baby born too early).
• Certain infections can lead to low birth weight.
• In rare cases, infection may cause miscarriage or serious health problems for the baby.

Long-term outlook

The outlook is positive. Most infections in pregnancy are detected early and treated successfully, and the vast majority of babies are born healthy. Your healthcare team is there to support you every step of the way.

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