IUI overview
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a fertility treatment that places specially prepared sperm directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation. This gives the sperm a shorter journey to reach an egg and may increase the chance of pregnancy.
Key facts
- IUI is a simple, low-cost fertility procedure often tried before more complex treatments like in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
- The procedure takes only a few minutes and does not require surgery or anaesthesia.
- Success rates vary depending on age, cause of infertility, and whether fertility medications are used alongside IUI.
Yes, IUI is one of the most commonly offered first-line fertility treatments for couples with unexplained infertility, mild male factor issues, or cervical mucus problems.
IUI may be suitable for people with certain types of infertility, such as mild low sperm count or motility, ovulation disorders, or unexplained infertility. It is also used for single women and same-sex couples using donor sperm.
Symptoms
- Severe abdominal or pelvic pain after the IUI procedure
- Heavy bleeding from the vagina (soaking through a pad in an hour)
- Signs of a serious allergic reaction: difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat
- ⚠Fever or chills within a few days after IUI
- ⚠Pain that gets worse, not better, after the procedure
- ⚠Unusual or foul-smelling discharge from the vagina
Common symptoms
- Difficulty conceiving after one year of regular unprotected intercourse (six months if over age 35)
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods
- Known low sperm count or poor sperm movement
Causes
Main causes
- IUI is used to address underlying causes of infertility, not a condition in itself. Common reasons include unexplained infertility, mild male factor infertility (low sperm count or poor motility), ovulation problems, or cervical mucus issues that prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
Risk factors
- Advanced maternal age (over 35)
- Male partner with low sperm count or poor sperm quality
- Long duration of infertility (more than 3 years)
- Previous pelvic infections or endometriosis
- Smoking, heavy alcohol use, or obesity
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- After an IUI procedure, if you develop severe pain, heavy bleeding, or signs of infection (fever, chills, discharge).
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have been trying to conceive for 12 months (or 6 months if over 35) without success, make an appointment with your GP or a fertility specialist.
- If you have irregular cycles, known fertility issues, or are considering using donor sperm.
Diagnosis
Before recommending IUI, your doctor will assess you and your partner (if applicable) to understand the cause of infertility. This may include a physical exam, blood tests, and semen analysis.
Tests that may be done
- Ovulation tracking (blood tests or urine kits to check for the hormone surge before egg release)
- Semen analysis to check sperm count, shape, and movement
- Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) – an X-ray test to see if the fallopian tubes are open
- Pelvic ultrasound to check the ovaries and uterus
What to expect at your appointment
The tests are usually done over a few months. Your doctor will explain results and whether IUI is a good option. If you proceed, the IUI cycle involves monitoring your ovulation and then having the sperm placed into your uterus at the right time. The procedure itself is quick and similar to a smear test.
Treatment
IUI is a treatment for infertility. It is usually performed in a clinic or doctor's office. The sperm sample is washed and concentrated, then inserted through the cervix into the uterus using a thin, flexible tube. This takes just a few minutes and is generally painless.
Self-care at home
- Take folic acid supplements (400 micrograms daily) if you are trying to conceive
- Maintain a healthy body weight – being underweight or overweight can affect fertility
- Limit alcohol, avoid smoking, and reduce caffeine
- Reduce stress through relaxation techniques or counselling
Medical treatments
Some people use fertility medications (such as tablets or injections) to stimulate the ovaries to produce one or two eggs before IUI. These are prescribed by a specialist and may increase the chance of success. The doctor will monitor you with ultrasound and blood tests to time the insemination correctly.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not part of IUI itself. If IUI is not successful after several cycles, your doctor might recommend in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or other procedures – but these involve more complex steps.
Living with this condition
IUI cycles can be emotionally and physically demanding. Between treatments, try to maintain a normal routine. It helps to plan your cycle around your schedule, as you will need to attend the clinic for monitoring and the insemination.
Lifestyle tips
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
- Get regular moderate exercise – but avoid extreme exertion
- Get enough sleep and find time for relaxation
- Communicate openly with your partner or support person
Diet and exercise
A healthy diet and regular, moderate exercise can support overall fertility. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week. Avoid smoking and limit alcohol. Your doctor may also recommend a prenatal vitamin with folic acid.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Fertility treatment can be stressful and may cause anxiety, sadness, or hope mixed with disappointment. It is normal to feel a range of emotions. Talk to your partner, friends, or a counsellor. Many clinics offer psychological support.
Prevention
Infertility cannot always be prevented, but you can reduce your risk by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, and managing chronic conditions like diabetes or thyroid disorders. Regular check-ups with your GP can help catch issues early.
Screening programmes
If you are trying to conceive, it is sensible to have a routine health check, including cervical screening (smear test) and STI testing if at risk. Some people may benefit from fertility awareness methods to track ovulation.
Complications
If left untreated
- Untreated infertility does not cause physical harm, but it may lead to emotional distress. It does not prevent you from other treatments or from conceiving naturally later.
Long-term outlook
IUI gives many couples a good chance of pregnancy, especially in the first few cycles. Success depends on age, the cause of infertility, and whether medications are used. Even if IUI is not successful, other options like IVF are available. Most people who try fertility treatment find support and eventually achieve their goal, though the journey can be different for everyone.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 18, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.